{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015281749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","title":"Whites' Beliefs about Blacks' Opportunity","display_name":"Whites' Beliefs about Blacks' Opportunity","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015281749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","mag":"2015281749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2095196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157620343","display_name":"American Sociological Review","issn_l":"0003-1224","issn":["0003-1224","1939-8271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Sociological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005915620","display_name":"James R. Kluegel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Kluegel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036967310","display_name":"Eliot R. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-6235","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-6235"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eliot R. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.8345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99063307,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"4","first_page":"518","last_page":"518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.22550000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.22550000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.1160999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-attitudes","display_name":"racial attitudes","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-stereotypes","display_name":"racial stereotypes","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-class","display_name":"social class","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminality","display_name":"criminality","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delinquency","display_name":"delinquency","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reported-crime","display_name":"self-reported crime","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-structure","display_name":"class structure","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-determination","display_name":"income determination","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44362112879753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35597866773605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3407120108604431}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2095196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2095196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157620343","display_name":"American Sociological Review","issn_l":"0003-1224","issn":["0003-1224","1939-8271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Sociological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161644103","https://openalex.org/W1970299087","https://openalex.org/W1984531708","https://openalex.org/W1988258051","https://openalex.org/W2006547672","https://openalex.org/W2010127304","https://openalex.org/W2016923380","https://openalex.org/W2019064279","https://openalex.org/W2034328075","https://openalex.org/W2040225104","https://openalex.org/W2048736351","https://openalex.org/W2048899167","https://openalex.org/W2048999746","https://openalex.org/W2056307622","https://openalex.org/W2067179534","https://openalex.org/W2078649974","https://openalex.org/W2099453691","https://openalex.org/W2103897270","https://openalex.org/W2104799930","https://openalex.org/W2108784631","https://openalex.org/W2123989713","https://openalex.org/W2318220880","https://openalex.org/W2320318608","https://openalex.org/W2484555274","https://openalex.org/W2798921428","https://openalex.org/W3133917342","https://openalex.org/W3135358928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996871402","https://openalex.org/W2159205112","https://openalex.org/W2015263615","https://openalex.org/W2016122800","https://openalex.org/W1552685711","https://openalex.org/W2734689125","https://openalex.org/W1991027728","https://openalex.org/W2134497311","https://openalex.org/W2311185858","https://openalex.org/W4254998377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tittle,":[0],"Charles":[1],"R.,":[2],"Wayne":[3],"J.":[4],"Villemez":[5],"and":[6,16,38,43,56,93],"Douglas":[7],"A.":[8],"Smith":[9],"1978":[10,32],"The":[11],"myth":[12],"of":[13,21,35,40,48,67],"social":[14],"class":[15],"criminality:":[17],"an":[18],"empirical":[19,23],"assessment":[20],"the":[22,36],"evidence.":[24],"American":[25],"Sociological":[26],"Review":[27],"43:643-56.":[28],"Tracy,":[29],"Paul":[30],"E.":[31],"An":[33],"Analysis":[34],"Incidence":[37],"Seriousness":[39],"Self-Reported":[41],"Delinquency":[42,60],"Crime.":[44,85],"Doctoral":[45],"Dissertation,":[46],"University":[47,66],"Pennsylvania.":[49],"Wolfgang,":[50,70],"Marvin":[51,71],"E.,":[52,72],"Robert":[53,76],"M.":[54,77],"Figlio":[55,78],"Thorsten":[57],"Sellin":[58],"1972":[59],"in":[61],"a":[62],"Birth":[63],"Cohort.":[64],"Chicago:":[65],"Chicago":[68],"Press.":[69,99],"Terence":[73],"P.":[74],"Thornberry,":[75],"1982":[79],"From":[80],"Boy":[81],"to":[82,84],"Man-Delinquency":[83],"Forthcoming.":[86],"Wright,":[87],"Eric":[88],"Olin":[89],"1979":[90],"Class":[91],"Structure":[92],"Income":[94],"Determination.":[95],"New":[96],"York:":[97],"Academic":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}