{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015189305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","title":"Adaptation and the Form-Function Relation","display_name":"Adaptation and the Form-Function Relation","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015189305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","mag":"2015189305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icb/28.2.681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222308","display_name":"American Zoologist","issn_l":"0003-1569","issn":["0003-1569","2162-4445"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Zoologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108262136","display_name":"Carl Gans","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"CARL GANS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109","Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108262136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97617218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"681","last_page":"697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.27250000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.10239999741315842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"adaptation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptationism","display_name":"adaptationism","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-theory","display_name":"evolutionary theory","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-evolution","display_name":"human evolution","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-mechanisms","display_name":"adaptive mechanisms","score":0.7979999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.7764435410499573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.7041480541229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5165111422538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27880585193634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23137518763542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14953464269638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.11061710119247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.08821919560432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07992193102836609}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/icb/28.2.681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222308","display_name":"American Zoologist","issn_l":"0003-1569","issn":["0003-1569","2162-4445"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Zoologist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.6800000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138066572","https://openalex.org/W182344016","https://openalex.org/W609288443","https://openalex.org/W1493919779","https://openalex.org/W1496965190","https://openalex.org/W1529151317","https://openalex.org/W1535683191","https://openalex.org/W1546023654","https://openalex.org/W1562838801","https://openalex.org/W1585759508","https://openalex.org/W1597708696","https://openalex.org/W1597858723","https://openalex.org/W1598987393","https://openalex.org/W1963858199","https://openalex.org/W1979141927","https://openalex.org/W1989270408","https://openalex.org/W1992066305","https://openalex.org/W1998634469","https://openalex.org/W2002558255","https://openalex.org/W2004040028","https://openalex.org/W2013399913","https://openalex.org/W2013562491","https://openalex.org/W2020717404","https://openalex.org/W2026123991","https://openalex.org/W2026775649","https://openalex.org/W2029397659","https://openalex.org/W2034932881","https://openalex.org/W2036908661","https://openalex.org/W2040993146","https://openalex.org/W2048186485","https://openalex.org/W2048838772","https://openalex.org/W2050287340","https://openalex.org/W2055321189","https://openalex.org/W2062888724","https://openalex.org/W2062992432","https://openalex.org/W2063822736","https://openalex.org/W2065039187","https://openalex.org/W2066261007","https://openalex.org/W2079265337","https://openalex.org/W2086092016","https://openalex.org/W2093970638","https://openalex.org/W2106533942","https://openalex.org/W2113807019","https://openalex.org/W2119122664","https://openalex.org/W2120735035","https://openalex.org/W2189904301","https://openalex.org/W2275850409","https://openalex.org/W2313260544","https://openalex.org/W2316508456","https://openalex.org/W2318728671","https://openalex.org/W2321138411","https://openalex.org/W2323438460","https://openalex.org/W2332165457","https://openalex.org/W2332573632","https://openalex.org/W2460080037","https://openalex.org/W2482597113","https://openalex.org/W3090818032","https://openalex.org/W4245976974","https://openalex.org/W4298389959","https://openalex.org/W4300227999","https://openalex.org/W6604952449","https://openalex.org/W6618892372","https://openalex.org/W6630962507","https://openalex.org/W6631452629","https://openalex.org/W6634828627","https://openalex.org/W6636421982","https://openalex.org/W6655663566","https://openalex.org/W6661530653","https://openalex.org/W6661813922","https://openalex.org/W6800107826","https://openalex.org/W6825632712","https://openalex.org/W6835496725","https://openalex.org/W7027187171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321138411","https://openalex.org/W1564781194","https://openalex.org/W2974360368","https://openalex.org/W2553380447","https://openalex.org/W2521144400","https://openalex.org/W1979141927","https://openalex.org/W2586430528","https://openalex.org/W2158362416","https://openalex.org/W437267560","https://openalex.org/W4301416573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SYNOPSIS.":[0],"The":[1,92,113],"idea":[2],"of":[3,22,26,37,51,54,74,119,124,128],"a":[4,117],"form-function":[5],"correlation":[6],"implies":[7],"some":[8],"benefit":[9],"for":[10,71,121],"the":[11,20,24,35,44,48,52,58,69,72,81,122],"individual":[12],"that":[13,64,80],"displays":[14],"it.":[15],"This":[16,61],"is":[17,47,101],"subsumed":[18],"under":[19],"heading":[21],"adaptation,":[23],"reality":[25],"which":[27],"has":[28,94],"recently":[29],"been":[30],"questioned.":[31],"Some":[32],"caution":[33],"in":[34,109],"application":[36],"adaptationist":[38,55],"explanations":[39,56],"may":[40],"be":[41],"necessary,":[42],"but":[43],"key":[45],"point":[46],"perceived":[49],"risk":[50],"extension":[53],"to":[57,96,104],"human":[59],"species.":[60],"review":[62,114,118],"documents":[63],"adaptation":[65],"exists":[66],"and":[67,76],"represents":[68],"basis":[70],"match":[73],"form":[75],"function.":[77],"It":[78],"stresses":[79],"underlying":[82],"adaptive":[83,126],"mechanisms":[84],"are":[85],"much":[86],"more":[87],"complex":[88],"than":[89],"sometimes":[90],"assumed.":[91],"complexity":[93],"led":[95],"misunderstanding.":[97],"Most":[98],"important,":[99],"there":[100],"no":[102],"reason":[103],"expect":[105],"perfection":[106],"or":[107],"optimization":[108],"any":[110],"simple":[111],"match.":[112],"concludes":[115],"with":[116],"procedures":[120],"study":[123],"seemingly":[125],"aspects":[127],"phenotypes.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
