{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015091372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","title":"Knowledge can flow from developing to developed countries","display_name":"Knowledge can flow from developing to developed countries","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015091372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","mag":"2015091372","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11009533","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1118628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192814187","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0959-8138","issn":["0959-8138"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1118628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110549399","display_name":"Cindy L. K. Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-8481","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-8481"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. L K Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Family Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong 3/F, Ap Lei Chau Clinic, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Family Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong 3/F, Ap Lei Chau Clinic, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110549399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89924812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"321","issue":"7264","first_page":"830","last_page":"830"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.1624000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.1624000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.15139999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11731","display_name":"Global Health and Surgery","score":0.08910000324249268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics","display_name":"research ethics","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-research-ethics","display_name":"medical research ethics","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-ethics","display_name":"medical ethics","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-care","display_name":"quality of care","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-health-sector","display_name":"private health sector","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-regulation","display_name":"medical regulation","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-council","display_name":"Medical Council","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-protection-act","display_name":"Consumer Protection Act","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5931522846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5585188865661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.536388099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5329129695892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.5271555781364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.47990119457244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.45753079652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4245454967021942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3806537389755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3259246051311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2691100239753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.252788245677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09680253267288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019359","descriptor_name":"Knowledge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7264.830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192814187","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0959-8138","issn":["0959-8138"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:245500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1118628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11009533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11009533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Comment"},{"id":"pmid:11009534","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11009534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Letter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1118628","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1118628/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1118629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1118629/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/43072","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/43072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:245500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1118628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994293341","https://openalex.org/W1994386604","https://openalex.org/W2055538113","https://openalex.org/W2188946657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013875302","https://openalex.org/W597760545","https://openalex.org/W6922572948","https://openalex.org/W2000195231","https://openalex.org/W4253815822","https://openalex.org/W4394816949","https://openalex.org/W2037371273","https://openalex.org/W2128904627","https://openalex.org/W2017447010","https://openalex.org/W7100126485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Editor\u2014During":[0],"the":[1,10,16,20,27,38,41,47,51,101,120,131,184,206,238,249,254,267,293,313,322,327,331,337,344,368,374],"past":[2,102],"year":[3],"I":[4],"have":[5,157,266],"attended":[6],"three":[7],"meetings":[8],"on":[9,46,178,244],"ethics":[11,110,121],"of":[12,23,30,50,62,88,122,149,212,215,226,237,312,324,333,339,361,379],"research":[13,81,109],"sponsored":[14],"by":[15,37,192],"World":[17],"Health":[18,325],"Organization,":[19],"Harvard":[21],"School":[22],"Public":[24],"Health,":[25],"and":[26,54,87,95,139,144,163,173,183,199,209,230,342,364,370,376],"Indian":[28,42,239],"Council":[29],"Medical":[31],"Research.":[32],"They":[33],"were":[34],"all":[35],"ignored":[36],"media,":[39],"although":[40],"media":[43],"report":[44],"daily":[45],"poor":[48,90],"state":[49],"health":[52,147,245,340],"service":[53],"unethical":[55,308],"medical":[56,80,123,142,252,280,299,309,345],"practices.":[57],"The":[58],"recent":[59],"alleged":[60],"maltreatment":[61],"a":[63,70,150,224,359,380],"central":[64],"government":[65],"minister":[66,382],"who":[67,221,277],"died":[68],"in":[69,73,82,100,111,282,301,316,347,352,366,386],"private":[71,186,250,371],"hospital":[72],"Delhi":[74],"has":[75,97,285,304],"caused":[76],"particular":[77],"public":[78,132,165,369],"concern.1\r\n\r\nThat":[79],"developing":[83,112],"countries":[84,113],"is":[85,92,125,153,349],"meagre":[86],"generally":[89,259],"quality":[91,152,338],"well":[93,274],"known,2":[94],"it":[96],"not":[98,265,305,350],"improved":[99],"20":[103],"years.":[104],"Should":[105],"one":[106,271],"therefore":[107],"discuss":[108],"when":[114],"they":[115,263],"barely":[116],"exist?\r\n\r\nIn":[117],"my":[118],"view":[119],"practice":[124],"more":[126,181,207],"important.":[127],"To":[128],"see":[129],"how":[130],"can":[133],"be":[134],"safeguarded":[135],"from":[136],"an":[137,161,283],"inefficient":[138,164],"often":[140],"corrupt":[141],"system":[143,360],"receive":[145],"comprehensive":[146],"care":[148,246],"reasonable":[151],"paramount.":[154],"Ordinary":[155],"people":[156],"to":[158,205,219,248,335],"choose":[159],"between":[160],"underfunded":[162],"sector":[166],"with":[167],"its":[168,302,317],"long":[169],"queues,":[170],"dirty":[171],"hospitals,":[172],"rude":[174],"staff":[175],"(not":[176],"infrequently":[177],"strike":[179],"for":[180,232],"pay)":[182],"expensive":[185],"sector,":[187],"perceived":[188],"as":[189],"being":[190],"run":[191],"avaricious":[193],"doctors":[194,365],"fleecing":[195],"patients":[196],"through":[197],"overinvestigation":[198],"overtreatment.":[200],"Many":[201],"patients,":[202],"understandably,":[203],"turn":[204],"accessible":[208],"cheaper":[210],"practitioners":[211,300],"alternative":[213],"systems":[214],"medicine":[216],"or":[217],"even":[218],"quacks,":[220],"regularly":[222],"prescribe":[223],"cocktail":[225],"antibiotics,":[227],"antimalarials,":[228],"antipyretics,":[229],"steroids":[231],"fever.":[233],"Despite":[234],"this,":[235],"80%":[236],"gross":[240],"domestic":[241],"project":[242],"spent":[243],"goes":[247],"sector.3\r\n\r\nThe":[251],"councils,":[253],"main":[255],"regulatory":[256],"bodies,":[257],"are":[258],"ineffective,":[260],"claiming":[261],"that":[262,343],"do":[264],"necessary":[268],"powers.":[269],"Only":[270],"doctor":[272],"(a":[273],"known":[275],"actor":[276],"used":[278],"his":[279],"status":[281],"advertisement)":[284],"been":[286],"struck":[287],"off":[288],"since":[289],"their":[290],"inception.":[291],"Even":[292],"Consumer":[294],"Protection":[295],"Act,":[296],"which":[297],"includes":[298],"ambit,":[303],"successfully":[306],"curbed":[307],"practices":[310],"because":[311],"huge":[314],"delays":[315],"legal":[318],"process.\r\n\r\nIn":[319],"January":[320],"2000":[321],"Ministry":[323],"recognised":[326],"growing":[328],"concern":[329],"about":[330],"absence":[332],"standards":[334],"measure":[336],"services":[341],"community":[346],"India":[348],"accountable":[351],"any":[353],"manner.":[354],"It":[355],"proposed":[356],"setting":[357],"up":[358],"monitoring":[362],"hospitals":[363],"both":[367],"sectors.":[372],"Perhaps":[373],"sad":[375],"unfortunate":[377],"death":[378],"young":[381],"will":[383],"now":[384],"result":[385],"some":[387],"belated":[388],"action.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
