{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015013539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","title":"The Dependent Contractor: A Study of the Legal Problems of Countervailing Power","display_name":"The Dependent Contractor: A Study of the Legal Problems of Countervailing Power","publication_year":1965,"publication_date":"1965-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015013539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","mag":"2015013539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/825096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62734853","display_name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","issn_l":"0042-0220","issn":["0042-0220","1710-1174"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The University of Toronto Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/1415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087129764","display_name":"Harry W. Arthurs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1890-1884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1890-1884"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. W. Arthurs","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087129764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36666667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"89","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.8192999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.8192999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.08630000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.08060000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countervailing-power","display_name":"countervailing power","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining","display_name":"collective bargaining","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-relations-law","display_name":"labor relations law","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-contractors","display_name":"independent contractors","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employed-workers","display_name":"self-employed workers","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market","display_name":"labor market","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-markets","display_name":"product markets","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-status-of-workers","display_name":"legal status of workers","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-unions","display_name":"trade unions","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-labour-law","display_name":"Canadian labour law","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-labor-law","display_name":"United States labor law","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-labor-law","display_name":"comparative labour law","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5441747903823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5053651928901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4432953894138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.393693208694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26497793197631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/825096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/825096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62734853","display_name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","issn_l":"0042-0220","issn":["0042-0220","1710-1174"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The University of Toronto Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca:scholarly_works-2414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/1415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles & Book Chapters","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca:scholarly_works-2414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/1415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles & Book Chapters","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3194536841","https://openalex.org/W4313124169","https://openalex.org/W3082202289","https://openalex.org/W3125724082","https://openalex.org/W3157101204","https://openalex.org/W4229039553","https://openalex.org/W988351746","https://openalex.org/W189803270","https://openalex.org/W2953602080","https://openalex.org/W7164507907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"UNEQUAL":[0],"power":[1,269],"between":[2,8],"private":[3],"persons,":[4],"no":[5],"less":[6],"than":[7,110],"citizen":[9],"and":[10,215,220,252,355,366,427],"state,":[11],"is":[12,43,118,183,201,234],"an":[13,379],"unhappy":[14],"fact":[15],"of":[16,36,64,66,84,87,93,100,121,148,155,158,163,174,198,231,244,273,280,361,364,369,372,382,395,408,430],"modem":[17],"society.":[18],"In":[19,38,259,286],"one":[20],"areaemployment":[21],"relations-public":[22],"policy":[23],"has":[24,340],"clearly":[25],"adopted":[26],"collective":[27,74,137],"bargaining":[28],"as":[29,46,81,106,310,313,328,330],"a":[30,51,88,119,180,412],"technique":[31],"for":[32,282,315,374],"redressing":[33],"this":[34,232,383,388],"imbalance":[35],"power.":[37],"another":[39],"areacommercial":[40],"competition-collective":[41],"action":[42,339],"generally":[44],"suspect":[45],"the":[47,61,85,114,122,149,156,161,172,196,205,225,237,242,245,249,253,271,293,320,324,331,335,362,367,409,421,428],"vehicle":[48],"by":[49,241,411],"which":[50,117],"powerful":[52],"group":[53,338],"may":[54,69],"overwhelm":[55],"weak":[56],"individuals.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59,233],"concerns":[60],"paradoxical":[62],"plight":[63],"groups":[65],"competitors":[67,314],"who":[68],"find":[70],"survival":[71],"difficult":[72],"without":[73],"action.":[75,285],"They":[76,152,187],"are":[77,153,188],"often":[78],"economically":[79],"vulnerable":[80],"individuals":[82],"because":[83,99,147],"dominance":[86],"monopoly":[89],"buyer":[90],"or":[91,96,98,141,143,167,277,289,312],"seller":[92],"their":[94,175,199,375],"goods":[95],"services,":[97],"disorganized":[101],"market":[102,251,255,295],"conditions.":[103],"If":[104],"viewed":[105],"independent":[107,168],"contractors":[263],"rather":[109],"employees":[308],"they":[112,133,296],"lack":[113],"legal":[115,165,238,321],"status":[116],"prerequisite":[120],"right":[123,176],"to":[124,139,177,208,235,266,350],"bargain":[125,178],"collectively":[126],"under":[127,256],"labour":[128,250,294,325,425],"relations":[129,326],"legislation.":[130,151,333],"As":[131],"businessmen,":[132],"cannot":[134],"legally":[135,192],"employ":[136,267],"tactics":[138],"buy":[140],"sell":[142],"otherwise":[144],"stabilize":[145],"conditions,":[146],"combines":[150,332],"prisoners":[154],"regime":[157],"competition.":[159],"Because":[160],"choice":[162],"either":[164,309],"designation-employee":[166],"contractor-in":[169],"effect":[170],"prejudges":[171],"issue":[173],"collectively,":[179,288],"new":[181],"term":[182,206,390,410],"needed:":[184],"dependent":[226,246,262],"contractor.":[227],"economically,":[190],"although":[191],"contractors.":[193],"The":[194,228,393,406],"ambiguity,":[195],"paradox,":[197],"position":[200],"thus":[202],"reflected":[203],"in":[204,270,391,398,402,416,424],"used":[207],"identify":[209],"them.'":[210],"Self-employed":[211],"truck":[212],"drivers,":[213],"peddlers,":[214],"taxicab":[216],"operators,":[217],"farmers,":[218],"fishermen,":[219],"service":[221],"station":[222],"lessees":[223],"personify":[224],"primary":[229],"aim":[230],"trace":[236],"problems":[239],"raised":[240],"presence":[243],"contractor":[247],"on":[248,292,378],"product":[254,336],"existing":[257],"law.":[258],"many":[260],"instances,":[261],"have":[264,297],"sought":[265],"countervailing":[268],"form":[272],"unions,":[274],"marketing":[275],"co-operatives,":[276],"other":[278],"forms":[279],"associations":[281],"concerted":[283],"economic":[284],"acting":[287],"indeed":[290],"individually,":[291],"become":[298],"involved":[299],"inevitably":[300],"not":[301],"only":[302],"with":[303,306],"employers":[304],"but":[305],"organized":[307],"collaborators":[311],"available":[316],"work":[317],"opportunities.":[318],"Here,":[319],"issues":[322],"involve":[323],"legislation":[327],"well":[329],"On":[334],"market,":[337],"*Associate":[341],"Professor,":[342],"Osgoode":[343],"Hall":[344],"Law":[345,365,394],"School.":[346],"I":[347],"am":[348],"obliged":[349],"Professors":[351],"D.":[352],"G.":[353,358],"Kilgour":[354],"J.":[356],"H.":[357],"Crispo,":[359],"respectively":[360],"Faculty":[363],"School":[368],"Business,":[370],"University":[371],"Toronto,":[373],"incisive":[376],"comments":[377],"earlier":[380],"draft":[381],"study.":[384],"1I":[385],"first":[386],"encountered":[387],"useful":[389],"Schmidt,":[392],"Labour":[396],"Relations":[397],"Sweden":[399],"(1962),":[400],"chap.":[401],"(by":[403],"Axel":[404],"Adlercreutz).":[405],"coining":[407],"Swedish":[413],"scholar":[414],"writing":[415],"English":[417],"at":[418],"once":[419],"illustrates":[420],"Scandinavian":[422],"genius":[423],"relations,":[426],"perils":[429],"our":[431],"institutional":[432],"chauvinism.":[433]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-05T09:50:58.205359","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}