{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014883630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","title":"Evaluation of Solid\u2010State Fermentation Techniques to Dispose of Atrazine and Carbofuran","display_name":"Evaluation of Solid\u2010State Fermentation Techniques to Dispose of Atrazine and Carbofuran","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014883630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","mag":"2014883630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81083566","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","issn_l":"0047-2425","issn":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073944733","display_name":"Duane F. Berry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duane F. Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003576480","display_name":"Richard A. Tomkinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Tomkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010084894","display_name":"Glen H. Hetzel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glen H. Hetzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Engineering Dep. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Engineering Dep. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040509593","display_name":"Donald E. Mullins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-5663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-5663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald E. Mullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entomology Dep. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entomology Dep. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111858602","display_name":"Roderick Whiter. Young","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roderick W. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":1910,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1910},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81733511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"366","last_page":"374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11180","display_name":"Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11180","display_name":"Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11423","display_name":"Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12078","display_name":"Environmental remediation with nanomaterials","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-state-fermentation","display_name":"solid-state fermentation","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrazine","display_name":"atrazine","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbofuran","display_name":"carbofuran","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pesticide-waste-disposal","display_name":"pesticide waste disposal","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sphagnum-peat-moss","display_name":"sphagnum peat moss","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioreactors","display_name":"bioreactors","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pesticide-leaching","display_name":"pesticide leaching","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pesticide-bioavailability","display_name":"pesticide bioavailability","score":0.7680000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780862241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423136","display_name":"Carbofuran","level":3,"score":0.8233942985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779595939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408652","display_name":"Atrazine","level":3,"score":0.7575505971908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7211874723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161176658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131656","display_name":"Pesticide","level":2,"score":0.6732757687568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.57878577709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776844889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157226","display_name":"Pesticide degradation","level":3,"score":0.5728709697723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181389837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461809","display_name":"Bioavailability","level":2,"score":0.5230639576911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.5138443112373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168170006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864699","display_name":"Bioreactor","level":2,"score":0.49537694454193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.4187670350074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.24379205703735352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.18021243810653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.14872917532920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020018x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81083566","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","issn_l":"0047-2425","issn":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064914703","https://openalex.org/W2300757806","https://openalex.org/W2022343090","https://openalex.org/W2094047420","https://openalex.org/W2506661369","https://openalex.org/W2035970287","https://openalex.org/W2590722788","https://openalex.org/W1823237332","https://openalex.org/W2070949040","https://openalex.org/W4290630715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Methods":[1],"to":[2,33,52,82,128,155,186,242,252],"dispose":[3,34,243],"of":[4,28,35,88,91,114,132,148,157,190,200,208,212,233,239,244],"unused":[5],"concentrated":[6],"and":[7,24,40,63,72,117,172,176,198,230],"dilute":[8],"formulated":[9],"pesticide":[10,214,227,245],"suspensions":[11],"or":[12,59,102,261],"solutions":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"rinsate":[16],"are":[17,257],"urgently":[18],"needed":[19],"by":[20],"small\u2010scale":[21],"farm":[22],"operators":[23],"applicators.":[25],"The":[26,210,237],"suitability":[27],"solid\u2010state":[29],"fermentation":[30],"(SSF)":[31],"techniques":[32,241],"atrazine":[36,110,126,143],"(2\u2010chloro\u20104\u2010[ethylamino]\u20106\u2010[isopropylamino]\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine,":[37],"purity":[38,44],"99.0%)":[39,45],"carbofuran":[41,164],"(2,3\u2010dihydro\u20102,2\u2010dimethyl\u20107\u2010benzofuranyl":[42],"methylcarbamate,":[43],"formulations":[46],"was":[47,98,222],"evaluated.":[48],"Pesticides":[49],"were":[50,80,202],"added":[51],"bioreactors":[53,108,141,184],"containing":[54,109,142],"either":[55,258],"sphagnum":[56],"peat":[57,217],"moss":[58],"steam\u2010exploded":[60],"wood":[61],"(SEW)":[62],"monitored":[64],"periodically":[65],"for":[66],"disappearance.":[67],"Soil":[68],"column":[69],"leaching":[70,78],"studies":[71],"the":[73,84,139,206,225,231],"USEPA":[74],"standard":[75],"toxicity":[76],"characteristic":[77],"procedure":[79],"used":[81],"assess":[83],"potential":[85],"environmental":[86],"hazard":[87],"land":[89],"application":[90],"spent":[92],"lignocellulosic":[93],"matrix":[94],"materials.":[95],"Pesticide":[96],"bioavailability":[97,199],"determined":[99],"with":[100],"plant":[101],"animal":[103],"bioassay":[104],"indicators.":[105],"In":[106],"peat\u2010filled":[107,166],"at":[111,144],"loading":[112,146,168,179,228],"rates":[113,169],"1.4,":[115],"2.0,":[116],"7.2":[118],"g":[119,150,174,182],"kg\u22121":[120],"(dry":[121],"wt.":[122],"basis),":[123],"solvent":[124,152],"extractable":[125],"decreased":[127,154,185],"less":[129,187],"than":[130,188],"0.2%":[131],"starting":[133,158,191],"levels":[134,159,192],"within":[135,160,193],"480":[136,194],"d.":[137,162,195],"For":[138],"SEW\u2010filled":[140,177],"a":[145,249],"rate":[147,180,229],"2.0":[149],"kg\u22121,":[151],"extractability":[153],"20%":[156],"320":[161],"Extractable":[163],"in":[165,216],"(initial":[167,178],"0.7,":[170],"1.8,":[171],"5.0":[173,181],"kg\u22121)":[175,183],"0.05%":[189],"Both":[196],"leachability":[197],"pesticides":[201],"dramatically":[203],"reduced":[204],"during":[205],"process":[207],"SSF.":[209],"amount":[211],"leachable":[213],"remaining":[215],"sorbent":[218],"following":[219],"bioreactor":[220,234],"start\u2010up":[221],"dependent":[223],"on":[224],"initial":[226],"length":[232],"operation":[235],"time.":[236],"use":[238],"SSF":[240],"waste":[246],"may":[247],"prove":[248],"viable":[250],"alternative":[251],"other":[253],"disposal":[254],"methods":[255],"that":[256],"too":[259],"expensive":[260],"technically":[262],"sophisticated.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}