{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014866631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","title":"Ice Gouge Hazard Analysis","display_name":"Ice Gouge Hazard Analysis","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014866631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","mag":"2014866631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4043/5298-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306521389","display_name":"Offshore Technology Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Offshore Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018246927","display_name":"Glenn A. Lanan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.A. Lanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["INTEG Engineering Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INTEG Engineering Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068873159","display_name":"Alan W. Niedoroda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-7778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-7778"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.W. Niedoroda","raw_affiliation_strings":["R.J. Brown & Assocs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R.J. Brown & Assocs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080470402","display_name":"W.F. Weeks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.F. Weeks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15816327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13925","display_name":"Offshore Engineering and Technologies","score":0.17520000040531158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12432","display_name":"Arctic and Russian Policy Studies","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-keels","display_name":"ice keels","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-trenching","display_name":"pipeline trenching","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exceedance-probability","display_name":"exceedance probability","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"probability density function","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-offshore-development","display_name":"Arctic offshore development","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.4000588357448578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39922434091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3788676857948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.3266375660896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17071324586868286}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4043/5298-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4043/5298-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306521389","display_name":"Offshore Technology Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Offshore Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018594552","https://openalex.org/W2008197274","https://openalex.org/W2072480449","https://openalex.org/W2094273566","https://openalex.org/W2282873195","https://openalex.org/W2081877457","https://openalex.org/W2181240217","https://openalex.org/W2197498039","https://openalex.org/W6966723171","https://openalex.org/W7220837184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Sea":[1],"floor":[2,32,194,220,272],"ice":[3,21,33,79,83,91,139,169,223,242,296,327,339,356,368,399,421],"gouge":[4,22,38,45,58,92,170,204,243,328,340,357,369,376,392,400,413,422,429,457],"depth":[5,46,358,370,377,414,417,430,458],"distributions":[6,440],"and":[7,41,59,81,104,119,164,282,300,379,402,437,460],"pipeline":[8,381],"trenching":[9],"requirements":[10,436],"are":[11,47,74,94,172,237,254,363,404],"analyzed.":[12],"An":[13,448],"improved":[14,449],"method":[15,335],"is":[16,128,144,188,257,316,360,451],"presented":[17,365,452],"for":[18,166,263,336,354,366,388,397,419,453],"parameterizing":[19],"new":[20,338,420,456],"events":[23,93,423],"based":[24],"on":[25,36,156,211,305,411],"a":[26,107,146,153,157,189,258,319,333,350],"single":[27],"record":[28,205,273],"of":[29,62,135,173,179,192,202,231,250,261,266,274,295,308,313,322,326,375],"existing":[30],"sea":[31,193,219,271],"gouges.":[34],"Information":[35],"the":[37,42,67,90,97,102,126,130,168,177,184,203,247,264,270,306,323,344,355,367,389,412,426,438,455],"infilling":[39,403],"process":[40],"maximum":[43],"observable":[44,391,428],"used":[48,238],"in":[49,101],"this":[50,314],"procedure.":[51],"INTRODUCTION":[52],"Ice":[53],"keels":[54,224],"appear":[55],"to":[56,110,176,239,280,290,303,317,446],"continuously":[57],"rework":[60],"much":[61],"continental":[63],"shelves":[64],"which":[65,150,199,217,236,276],"surround":[66],"Arctic":[68,180],"Ocean.":[69],"These":[70,384],"gouges,":[71],"or":[72],"scours,":[73],"generally":[75,129],"caused":[76],"by":[77,96,222,347],"grounding":[78],"ridges":[80],"multi-year":[82],"floes.":[84],"The":[85,214,311,394,416],"large":[86],"forces":[87],"associated":[88],"with":[89,343,407],"evidenced":[95],"long":[98],"furrows":[99],"formed":[100],"seabed":[103,127],"they":[105],"pose":[106],"significant":[108],"threat":[109],"subsea":[111,117,433],"facilities":[112,124],"such":[113],"as":[114],"pipelines,":[115],"cables,":[116],"wellheads":[118],"templates":[120],"(Figure":[121],"1).":[122],"Lowering":[123],"below":[125],"most":[131,286],"cost":[132],"effective":[133],"means":[134],"protecting":[136],"them":[137],"from":[138,198],"keel":[140],"damage.":[141],"However,":[142],"it":[143],"still":[145],"very":[147],"costly":[148],"procedure":[149,450],"can":[151,206,277],"have":[152,225],"dominant":[154],"influence":[155],"project's":[158],"overall":[159],"economic":[160],"viability.":[161],"Consequently,":[162],"data":[163,196],"procedures":[165,235,253,330],"analyzing":[167],"hazard":[171],"considerable":[174],"importance":[175,265],"development":[178],"offshore":[181],"resources.":[182],"At":[183],"present":[185],"time,":[186],"there":[187,256],"moderate":[190],"amount":[191],"survey":[195],"available":[197,287],"accurate":[200],"descriptions":[201],"be":[207,442],"made,":[208],"at":[209],"least":[210],"area-wide":[212],"scales.":[213],"major":[215],"processes":[216,395],"cause":[218],"gouging":[221,275],"been\"":[226],"enumerated.":[227],"A":[228],"growing":[229],"body":[230],"literature":[232],"defines":[233],"analytical":[234],"establish":[240],"extreme":[241],"event":[244],"statistics.":[245],"Although":[246],"broad":[248],"outlines":[249],"these":[251],"analysis":[252,329],"established,":[255],"general":[259],"lack":[260],"appreciation":[262],"certain":[267],"details":[268],"concerning":[269],"give":[278],"rise":[279],"confusion":[281],"incorrect":[283],"results.":[284],"Furthermore,":[285],"studies":[288],"fail":[289],"consider":[291],"several":[292],"positive":[293],"aspects":[294],"keel-ocean":[297],"structure":[298],"interactions":[299],"thus":[301],"tend":[302],"err":[304],"side":[307],"over":[309],"conservatism.":[310],"purpose":[312],"paper":[315],"provide":[318],"unifying":[320],"overview":[321],"current":[324],"status":[325],"while":[331],"contributing":[332],"straightforward":[334],"parameterizating":[337],"events.":[341],"Starting":[342],"work":[345],"done":[346],"other":[348],"researchers,":[349],"more":[351],"thorough":[352],"equation":[353],"distribution":[359,418,431,459],"described.":[361],"Equations":[362],"then":[364],"probability":[371,374],"density":[372],"function,":[373],"exceedance":[378],"required":[380],"trench":[382],"depth.":[383,393],"equations":[385],"properly":[386],"account":[387],"minimum":[390],"responsible":[396],"individual":[398],"formation":[401],"described":[405],"along":[406],"their":[408],"cyclic":[409],"affects":[410],"distribution.":[415],"rather":[424],"than":[425],"total":[427],"controls":[432],"facility":[434],"lowering":[435],"two":[439],"may":[441],"significantly":[443],"different":[444],"due":[445],"infilling.":[447],"determining":[454],"gouge.":[461]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}