{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014779596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","title":"Detecting Sentencing Disparity: Some Problems and Evidence","display_name":"Detecting Sentencing Disparity: Some Problems and Evidence","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014779596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","mag":"2014779596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/227320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122471516","display_name":"American Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0002-9602","issn":["0002-9602","1537-5390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037422231","display_name":"Randall J. Thomson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randall J. Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085338295","display_name":"Matthew T. Zingraff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew T. Zingraff","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.4571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99405312,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"4","first_page":"869","last_page":"880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-disparities","display_name":"sentencing disparities","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing","display_name":"sentencing","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7761136293411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5983765721321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.4891567528247833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.48292896151542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4369746744632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779263217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098580","display_name":"Sentencing guidelines","level":3,"score":0.4165296256542206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.39926642179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3952328860759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3388599753379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3362216353416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2191041111946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20231524109840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0982268750667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/227320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122471516","display_name":"American Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0002-9602","issn":["0002-9602","1537-5390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145561438","https://openalex.org/W778725884","https://openalex.org/W1964033024","https://openalex.org/W1970381698","https://openalex.org/W1974006004","https://openalex.org/W1981223587","https://openalex.org/W1992894437","https://openalex.org/W2007733246","https://openalex.org/W2018734587","https://openalex.org/W2034986359","https://openalex.org/W2035411597","https://openalex.org/W2046579558","https://openalex.org/W2050574054","https://openalex.org/W2062472758","https://openalex.org/W2064395596","https://openalex.org/W2090692452","https://openalex.org/W2097457004","https://openalex.org/W2107136471","https://openalex.org/W2139065380","https://openalex.org/W2152599326","https://openalex.org/W2316295342","https://openalex.org/W2325391416","https://openalex.org/W2327200969","https://openalex.org/W2327863380","https://openalex.org/W2329853957","https://openalex.org/W2331797066","https://openalex.org/W2796211281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002574146","https://openalex.org/W1921267445","https://openalex.org/W1964687227","https://openalex.org/W2143670127","https://openalex.org/W393364120","https://openalex.org/W582261138","https://openalex.org/W2019530977","https://openalex.org/W7171452154","https://openalex.org/W2614153080","https://openalex.org/W2159413459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1],"yet":[2],"to":[3],"establish":[4],"convincingly":[5],"either":[6],"the":[7,10,34,39,61,67],"existence":[8],"or":[9],"absence":[11],"of":[12,33,69,79],"sentencing":[13,25,51,62,70],"discrimination.":[14],"This":[15],"paper":[16],"identifies":[17],"major":[18],"methodological":[19],"and":[20,28,30,43,65],"conceptual":[21],"problems":[22],"inherent":[23],"in":[24],"disparity":[26,36],"research":[27],"presents":[29],"empirical":[31],"analysis":[32],"racial":[35,58],"argument":[37],"for":[38],"years":[40],"1969,":[41],"1973,":[42],"1977.":[44],"Evidence":[45],"is":[46],"presented":[47],"that":[48],"indicates":[49],"(1)":[50],"patterns":[52],"fluctuate":[53],"with":[54],"contextual":[55],"variation,":[56],"(2)":[57],"discrimination":[59,71],"at":[60],"stage":[63],"exists,":[64],"(3)":[66],"detection":[68],"can":[72],"easily":[73],"be":[74],"obscurred":[75],"by":[76],"a":[77],"number":[78],"pitfalls":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
