{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014678460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","title":"Descriptive Representation by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Municipal Bureaucracies: Change in US Multiethnic Cities, 1987\u20132001","display_name":"Descriptive Representation by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Municipal Bureaucracies: Change in US Multiethnic Cities, 1987\u20132001","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014678460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","mag":"2014678460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180941013","display_name":"Journal of Women Politics & Policy","issn_l":"0195-7732","issn":["0195-7732","1540-9473","1554-477X","1554-4788"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Women, Politics & Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064678862","display_name":"Will Miller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79884896","display_name":"University of Illinois at Springfield","ror":"https://ror.org/0126qma51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79884896"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Springfield","University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Springfield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79884896"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79884896"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039733254","display_name":"Brinck Kerr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8491-7546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8491-7546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brinck Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas","University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111649551","display_name":"Margaret Reid","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Reid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas","University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039733254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78473249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"217","last_page":"242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.7041000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.7041000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.2842000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descriptive-representation","display_name":"descriptive representation","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-inequality","display_name":"racial and ethnic inequality","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-government","display_name":"municipal government","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-women","display_name":"Hispanic women","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-women","display_name":"African American women","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-public-administration","display_name":"women in public administration","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiethnic-cities","display_name":"multi-ethnic cities","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucratic-legitimacy","display_name":"bureaucratic legitimacy","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.680176317691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5372616648674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5252042412757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.5141730308532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.48919036984443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.48759427666664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4634089171886444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.4618624150753021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.4554975628852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4457274377346039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.43034255504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.39262765645980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2932176887989044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15264058113098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.10173282027244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2010.496641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180941013","display_name":"Journal of Women Politics & Policy","issn_l":"0195-7732","issn":["0195-7732","1540-9473","1554-477X","1554-4788"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Women, Politics & Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119891733","https://openalex.org/W181689562","https://openalex.org/W341696435","https://openalex.org/W428278900","https://openalex.org/W617627126","https://openalex.org/W635813328","https://openalex.org/W1486977032","https://openalex.org/W1490412494","https://openalex.org/W1547430151","https://openalex.org/W1553873621","https://openalex.org/W1973605222","https://openalex.org/W1985617903","https://openalex.org/W1989255776","https://openalex.org/W1996726897","https://openalex.org/W2004537722","https://openalex.org/W2006279102","https://openalex.org/W2008525331","https://openalex.org/W2019992747","https://openalex.org/W2029482046","https://openalex.org/W2037870748","https://openalex.org/W2039562710","https://openalex.org/W2045039653","https://openalex.org/W2055939351","https://openalex.org/W2058869603","https://openalex.org/W2064065354","https://openalex.org/W2070102688","https://openalex.org/W2071970234","https://openalex.org/W2075763189","https://openalex.org/W2076772513","https://openalex.org/W2085151218","https://openalex.org/W2087106350","https://openalex.org/W2088859182","https://openalex.org/W2092850956","https://openalex.org/W2107822359","https://openalex.org/W2116892898","https://openalex.org/W2129165507","https://openalex.org/W2139121047","https://openalex.org/W2139387599","https://openalex.org/W2146530179","https://openalex.org/W2148498618","https://openalex.org/W2150459713","https://openalex.org/W2156138193","https://openalex.org/W2314244558","https://openalex.org/W2325837808","https://openalex.org/W2326486230","https://openalex.org/W2327270836","https://openalex.org/W2328190215","https://openalex.org/W2330320499","https://openalex.org/W2334569505","https://openalex.org/W2334992101","https://openalex.org/W2335393025","https://openalex.org/W2477544552","https://openalex.org/W2579714657","https://openalex.org/W2586139180","https://openalex.org/W2896346715","https://openalex.org/W3139358142","https://openalex.org/W4213160818","https://openalex.org/W4230007940","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292081210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301428337","https://openalex.org/W1995364279","https://openalex.org/W2029482046","https://openalex.org/W1989255776","https://openalex.org/W4399959598","https://openalex.org/W2043774687","https://openalex.org/W2146530179","https://openalex.org/W2950715063","https://openalex.org/W284992729","https://openalex.org/W2024585791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,153],"explore":[1],"the":[2,51,72,141,147,157,172],"extent":[3],"of":[4,30,45,75,105,160,165,176],"employment":[5],"inequalities":[6],"between":[7,133],"Latinas,":[8],"African":[9,68,80,108,112],"American":[10,69,81,109,113],"women,":[11],"and":[12,39,60,67,79,136,145,174],"white":[13,95,134],"(non-Latina)":[14,96],"women":[15,46,70,82,97],"(and":[16],"their":[17],"coethnics)":[18],"in":[19,24,55,89,100,127,140,178,194],"public":[20,191],"sector":[21],"managerial":[22],"positions":[23],"multiethnic":[25,128,180],"US":[26],"cities.":[27,102,196],"Our":[28],"analysis":[29],"Equal":[31],"Employment":[32],"Opportunity":[33],"Commission":[34],"(EEOC)":[35],"data":[36],"from":[37,48],"1987":[38],"2001":[40],"indicates":[41],"that":[42,57,65,117,156],"all":[43,91,137],"groups":[44,139,168],"suffer":[47],"underrepresentation":[49],"at":[50],"administrator":[52],"level,":[53],"especially":[54],"agencies":[56],"have":[58],"regulatory":[59],"distributive":[61],"policy":[62,192],"commitments,":[63],"but":[64,125],"Latinas":[66,78],"show":[71],"lowest":[73],"levels":[74],"representation.":[76],"Moreover,":[77],"are":[83,119,154],"substantially":[84],"underrepresented":[85],"among":[86],"professional":[87],"workforces":[88],"almost":[90],"municipal":[92,150],"departments;":[93],"however,":[94],"achieve":[98],"parity":[99],"many":[101,179],"Among":[103],"pairs":[104],"coethnics":[106],"(e.g.":[107],"females":[110],"versus":[111],"males),":[114],"we":[115],"find":[116],"males":[118,135],"usually":[120],"better":[121],"represented":[122],"than":[123],"females,":[124],"even":[126],"cities":[129],"large":[130],"disparities":[131],"remain":[132],"other":[138],"ability":[142],"to":[143,188],"claim":[144],"retain":[146],"most":[148],"prestigious":[149],"government":[151],"positions.":[152],"concerned":[155],"continuing":[158],"lack":[159],"progress":[161],"made":[162],"by":[163],"members":[164],"traditionally":[166],"disadvantaged":[167],"may":[169,182],"further":[170],"compromise":[171],"representativeness":[173],"legitimacy":[175],"bureaucracies":[177],"cites\u2014and":[181],"also":[183],"present":[184],"a":[185],"serious":[186],"barrier":[187],"addressing":[189],"important":[190],"challenges":[193],"these":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}