{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014613935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","title":"Scaling properties of European research units","display_name":"Scaling properties of European research units","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014613935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","mag":"2014613935","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625626","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2714277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.0903190106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2714277","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043344418","display_name":"Bj\u00f8rn Jamtveit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5700-1803","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5700-1803"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f8rn Jamtveit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071492023","display_name":"Espen Jettestuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-6560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-6560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152551","display_name":"International Research Institute of Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/0502t5s28","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152551","https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Espen Jettestuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Institute of Stavanger, Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 15, 4068 Stavanger, Norway","Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Institute of Stavanger, Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 15, 4068 Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152551"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016957024","display_name":"Joachim Mathiesen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-5487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-5487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Mathiesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94034527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":"32","first_page":"13160","last_page":"13163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.45019999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.45019999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.24320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.16030000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law-scaling","display_name":"power-law scaling","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-staff","display_name":"support staff","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-faculty","display_name":"university faculty","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-organization","display_name":"university organization","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"hierarchy","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-control","display_name":"top-down control","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-control","display_name":"bottom-up control","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-structure","display_name":"network structure","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-efficiency","display_name":"communication efficiency","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scandinavian-universities","display_name":"Scandinavian universities","score":0.6430000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.8685296773910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6525818109512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.5971720814704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.5562524795532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5538262724876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780217385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389284","display_name":"Hierarchical organization","level":2,"score":0.5473792552947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5029541850090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.43568745255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42738038301467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42479759454727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4112926125526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4079478085041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3960700035095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3522709608078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2505129277706146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24661272764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21575936675071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1996307075023651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16030284762382507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13714861869812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11114326119422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005060","descriptor_name":"Europe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009664","descriptor_name":"Norway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.0903190106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2714277","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2714277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:19625626","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/2d129fe0-00ff-11df-825d-000ea68e967b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/2d129fe0-00ff-11df-825d-000ea68e967b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jamtveit, B, Jettestuen, E & Mathiesen, J 2009, 'Scaling properties of European research units', Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 32, pp. 13160-13163. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903190106","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2714277","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2714277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487028252","https://openalex.org/W1571241044","https://openalex.org/W1574634131","https://openalex.org/W2018605670","https://openalex.org/W2026287024","https://openalex.org/W2041681134","https://openalex.org/W2058127585","https://openalex.org/W2066718232","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2080843536","https://openalex.org/W2117184765","https://openalex.org/W2142527179","https://openalex.org/W2155167324","https://openalex.org/W2156737316","https://openalex.org/W2183707334","https://openalex.org/W4247412417"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126032076","https://openalex.org/W1968309157","https://openalex.org/W2964754712","https://openalex.org/W2004241754","https://openalex.org/W3001313654","https://openalex.org/W3163706457","https://openalex.org/W2069571361","https://openalex.org/W7213364767","https://openalex.org/W2506011823","https://openalex.org/W2093689166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"quantitative":[1],"characterization":[2],"of":[3,7,27,48,69,79,90,107,115,167,180,195],"the":[4,46,67,91,116,134,159,165,168,177,187,192],"scale-dependent":[5],"features":[6],"research":[8,53,101,147,183],"units":[9,17,102,153,184,197],"may":[10,35,154],"provide":[11],"important":[12],"insight":[13],"into":[14,149],"how":[15,21],"such":[16,196],"are":[18,170,198],"organized":[19],"and":[20,99,109,120,151,201],"they":[22],"grow.":[23],"The":[24,76,137],"relative":[25],"importance":[26],"top-down":[28,113],"versus":[29],"bottom-up":[30],"controls":[31],"on":[32],"their":[33,39],"growth":[34],"be":[36,129],"revealed":[37],"by":[38,72,191],"scaling":[40,77,95,139],"properties.":[41],"Here":[42],"we":[43],"show":[44],"that":[45,142],"number":[47,68],"support":[49],"staff":[50,62,71,163],"in":[51,56,173,185],"Scandinavian":[52],"units,":[54],"ranging":[55],"size":[57],"from":[58,124],"20":[59],"to":[60,66],"7,800":[61],"members,":[63],"is":[64,82],"related":[65],"academic":[70,162,193],"a":[73,86,104],"power":[74],"law.":[75],"exponent":[78],"approximately":[80],"1.30":[81],"broadly":[83],"consistent":[84],"with":[85,103],"simple":[87],"hierarchical":[88,178],"model":[89],"university":[92],"organization.":[93],"Similar":[94],"behavior":[96],"between":[97],"small":[98],"large":[100],"wide":[105],"range":[106],"ambitions":[108],"strategies":[110],"argues":[111],"against":[112],"control":[114],"growth.":[117],"Top-down":[118],"effects,":[119],"externally":[121],"imposed":[122],"effects":[123],"changing":[125],"political":[126],"environments,":[127],"can":[128],"observed":[130,138],"as":[131],"fluctuations":[132],"around":[133],"main":[135],"trend.":[136],"law":[140],"implies":[141],"cost-benefit":[143],"arguments":[144],"for":[145,203],"merging":[146],"institutions":[148],"larger":[150,152,174],"have":[155],"limited":[156],"validity":[157],"unless":[158],"productivity":[160],"per":[161],"and/or":[164],"quality":[166],"products":[169],"considerably":[171],"higher":[172],"institutions.":[175],"Despite":[176],"structure":[179],"most":[181],"large-scale":[182],"Europe,":[186],"network":[188],"structures":[189],"represented":[190],"component":[194],"strongly":[199],"antihierarchical":[200],"suboptimal":[202],"efficient":[204],"communication":[205],"within":[206],"individual":[207],"units.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
