{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014558478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","title":"Death and miasma in Victorian London: an obstinate belief","display_name":"Death and miasma in Victorian London: an obstinate belief","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014558478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","mag":"2014558478","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751359","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1121911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1121911","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stephen Halliday","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Halliday","raw_affiliation_strings":["Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks HP8 4AD. shalli01@bcuc.ac.uk","Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks HP8 4AD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks HP8 4AD. shalli01@bcuc.ac.uk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks HP8 4AD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.2415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99015223,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"323","issue":"7327","first_page":"1469","last_page":"1471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.4074999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.4074999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.28439998626708984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.13330000638961792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miasma-theory","display_name":"miasma theory","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/etiology","display_name":"etiology","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victorian-london","display_name":"Victorian London","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholera-epidemic","display_name":"cholera epidemic","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-snow","display_name":"John Snow","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edwin-chadwick","display_name":"Edwin Chadwick","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewage-drainage","display_name":"sewage drainage","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/house-drainage","display_name":"house drainage","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitary-reform","display_name":"sanitary reform","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sanitation","display_name":"urban sanitation","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-public-health","display_name":"history of public health","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778983918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188830","display_name":"Wife","level":2,"score":0.652772068977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5116984844207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329737","display_name":"Butcher","level":2,"score":0.4823717176914215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383258","display_name":"Orthodoxy","level":2,"score":0.4492352604866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40770161151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.354034960269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.3405451774597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21651828289031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.17278897762298584}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002423","descriptor_name":"Cause of Death","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002771","descriptor_name":"Cholera","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002771","descriptor_name":"Cholera","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002771","descriptor_name":"Cholera","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008131","descriptor_name":"London","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012499","descriptor_name":"Sanitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:274500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1121911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1121911","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1121911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11751359","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:274500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1121911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6100000143051147}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98609969","https://openalex.org/W657391509","https://openalex.org/W1977698978","https://openalex.org/W1991729570","https://openalex.org/W2010763960","https://openalex.org/W2044952635","https://openalex.org/W2063220890","https://openalex.org/W2109195532","https://openalex.org/W2571074933","https://openalex.org/W2983071992","https://openalex.org/W4293274507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118963198","https://openalex.org/W1919560880","https://openalex.org/W2002765148","https://openalex.org/W4247036033","https://openalex.org/W7098635907","https://openalex.org/W7047159841","https://openalex.org/W2482338576","https://openalex.org/W2119234003","https://openalex.org/W2734856357","https://openalex.org/W2186157154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{">":[0],"\u201cFrom":[1],"inhaling":[2,67],"the":[3,7,19,27,37,43,52,83,99,106,110,117,132,135,166,174,178,183,203,237,244,254,258,270,282],"odour":[4],"of":[5,31,42,85,98,101,138,151,157,168,180,185,190,206,246,257,261,272],"beef":[6],"butcher's":[8],"wife":[9],"obtains":[10],"her":[11],"obesity.\u201d\n>":[12],"\n>":[13],"Professor":[14,241],"H":[15],"Booth,":[16],"writing":[17],"in":[18,36,48,105,162,171,211,213,231,266,294],"Builder":[20,238],",":[21,264],"July":[22],"1844\n\nThis":[23],"assertion":[24],"is":[25],"perhaps":[26],"most":[28],"extravagant":[29],"manifestation":[30],"a":[32,155,188,288],"belief":[33,56],"that":[34,58,69,120,225],"prevailed":[35],"medical":[38],"profession":[39],"for":[40,115,202,269],"much":[41],"19th":[44],"century":[45],"and":[46,123,128],"survived":[47],"some":[49,142],"quarters":[50],"into":[51],"20th":[53],"century.":[54],"This":[55],"held":[57],"most,":[59],"if":[60],"not":[61,160,216],"all,":[62],"disease":[63,102,139],"was":[64,70,159,194],"caused":[65],"by":[66,219],"air":[68],"infected":[71],"through":[72],"exposure":[73],"to":[74,197,223,236,275],"corrupting":[75],"matter.":[76],"Such":[77],"matter":[78],"might":[79],"be":[80],"rotting":[81,93],"corpses,":[82],"exhalations":[84],"other":[86],"people":[87,111],"already":[88],"infected,":[89],"sewage,":[90],"or":[91],"even":[92],"vegetation.":[94],"The":[95],"\u201cmiasmatic\u201d":[96,136],"explanation":[97],"cause":[100,156],"figured":[103],"prominently":[104],"long":[107],"debates":[108],"among":[109,145],"who":[112,291],"were":[113],"responsible":[114],"combating":[116],"cholera":[118,158,209],"epidemics":[119],"afflicted":[121],"Britain,":[122],"particularly":[124],"London,":[125],"between":[126],"1831":[127],"1866.\n\n####":[129],"Summary":[130],"points\n\nIn":[131],"Victorian":[133],"period":[134],"theory":[137],"causation":[140],"took":[141],"strange":[143],"forms":[144],"influential":[146],"people\n\nDr":[147],"John":[148,226],"Snow's":[149,227],"hypothesis":[150,228],"polluted":[152],"water":[153],"being":[154],"accepted":[161],"official":[163,232],"circles":[164],"at":[165],"time":[167],"his":[169,200,234,247],"death":[170],"1858\n\nIn":[172],"1858":[173],"\u201cGreat":[175],"Stink\u201d":[176],"concentrated":[177],"minds":[179],"legislators":[181],"on":[182,253],"problems":[184],"metropolitan":[186],"sewage\n\nAs":[187],"result":[189],"this,":[191],"Joseph":[192],"Bazalgette":[193],"finally":[195],"allowed":[196],"proceed":[198],"with":[199],"plan":[201],"main":[204],"drainage":[205,274],"London\n\nLondon's":[207],"final":[208],"epidemic,":[210],"1866,":[212],"an":[214],"area":[215],"yet":[217],"protected":[218],"Bazalgette's":[220],"system,":[221],"helped":[222],"ensure":[224],"gained":[229],"acceptance":[230],"circles\n\nIn":[233],"letter":[235],"quoted":[239],"above,":[240],"Booth":[242],"expressed":[243],"orthodoxy":[245],"time.1":[248],"Edwin":[249],"Chadwick's":[250],"(1800\u201390)":[251],"Report":[252],"Sanitary":[255],"Condition":[256],"Labouring":[259],"Population":[260],"Great":[262],"Britain":[263],"published":[265],"1842,":[267],"argued":[268],"improvement":[271],"house":[273],"remove":[276],"noxious":[277],"smells":[278],"from":[279],"dwellings.2":[280],"In":[281],"same":[283],"year":[284],"Sir":[285],"Francis":[286],"Head,":[287],"colonial":[289],"governor":[290],"had":[292],"served":[293],"\u2026":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
