{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014545250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","title":"Autonomous learning: A teacher-less learning!","display_name":"Autonomous learning: A teacher-less learning!","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014545250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","mag":"2014545250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812040323/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104917558","display_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1877-0428","issn":["1877-0428"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812040323/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061782075","display_name":"Nima Shakouri Masouleh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nima Shakouri Masouleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Roudbar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Roudbar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071790774","display_name":"Razieh Bahraminezhad Jooneghani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Razieh Bahraminezhad Jooneghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061782075","https://openalex.org/A5071790774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6151,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96495037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":null,"first_page":"835","last_page":"842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13895","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Innovation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-autonomy","display_name":"learner autonomy","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-role","display_name":"teacher role","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaffolding","display_name":"scaffolding","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-access-learning","display_name":"self-access learning","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-based-learning","display_name":"technology-based learning","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-learning","display_name":"language learning","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogical-implications","display_name":"educational implications","score":0.8700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.6732105612754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.6362239718437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5043007135391235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182325601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064286","display_name":"Learner autonomy","level":4,"score":0.489286869764328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.4750528335571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4648168683052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.45324602723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4520570635795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4408458471298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3535831868648529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3464815020561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3258923292160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2111806571483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15594398975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1434023082256317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123960582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196","display_name":"Language education","level":2,"score":0.13949915766716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.09391817450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08954915404319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0816938579082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812040323/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104917558","display_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1877-0428","issn":["1877-0428"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812040323/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104917558","display_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1877-0428","issn":["1877-0428"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8600000143051147}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2014545250.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2014545250.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284078042","https://openalex.org/W640262542","https://openalex.org/W1479764709","https://openalex.org/W1526219282","https://openalex.org/W2069889393","https://openalex.org/W2132334004","https://openalex.org/W2480903836","https://openalex.org/W2486362901","https://openalex.org/W2494276919","https://openalex.org/W2504173894","https://openalex.org/W2580338409","https://openalex.org/W2584742950","https://openalex.org/W2901017579","https://openalex.org/W3034407028","https://openalex.org/W4210362880","https://openalex.org/W4230411384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2330163375","https://openalex.org/W2130437159","https://openalex.org/W577655096","https://openalex.org/W7216784691","https://openalex.org/W60366249","https://openalex.org/W1154271868","https://openalex.org/W2097305098","https://openalex.org/W2534707682","https://openalex.org/W2478616574","https://openalex.org/W7100653747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Holec":[0],"(1981)":[1],"describes":[2],"autonomy":[3,19,38,43,135,238,270],"as,":[4],"\u201cthe":[5],"ability":[6],"to":[7,31,36,78,108,153,198,212,220,233,246,253],"take":[8,154],"charge":[9],"of":[10,65,89,95,133,160,165,168,196,237,257,271],"one's":[11,169],"learning\u201d":[12],"(cited":[13],"in":[14,44,106,172,251,263,267],"Thanasoulas,":[15],"2000).":[16],"The":[17,146,227],"term":[18],"has":[20],"sparked":[21],"considerable":[22],"controversy,":[23],"inasmuch":[24],"as":[25,35,70,75,77,116,124,136,259],"linguists":[26],"and":[27,54,141,210,215,241,244],"educationalists":[28],"have":[29],"failed":[30],"reach":[32],"a":[33,48],"consensus":[34],"what":[37,58],"really":[39],"is.":[40],"In":[41,92],"fact,":[42],"language":[45,96],"learning":[46,69,73,123,171,205],"is":[47,59,62,74,152],"desirable":[49],"goal":[50],"for":[51,185],"philosophical,":[52],"pedagogical,":[53],"practical":[55],"reasons.":[56],"But":[57],"oppressed":[60],"here":[61],"the":[63,87,93,131,158,163,204,208,235,255,260,264,269],"role":[64,256],"teacher.":[66],"Considering":[67],"autonomous":[68,122,151],"an":[71,81,231],"unbridled":[72],"ludicrous":[76,197],"assume":[79],"that":[80,200],"infant":[82],"can":[83],"grow":[84],"up":[85],"with":[86,126,139,143,207],"help":[88,109],"his/her":[90],"mother.":[91],"realm":[94],"teaching,":[97],"teachers":[98],"scaffold":[99],"students":[100,110],"towards":[101],"independence":[102],"using":[103],"variety":[104],"strategies":[105],"order":[107,252],"develop":[111],"autonomy.":[112],"Despite":[113],"such":[114],"explanations":[115],"many":[117,129],"practitioners":[118],"does":[119],"not":[120,173],"consider":[121],"synonymous":[125,138],"teacher-less":[127],"learning,":[128,218],"view":[130],"construct":[132],"learner":[134],"being":[137,150],"self-access":[140],"especially":[142],"technology-based":[144],"learning.":[145],"writer":[147],"held":[148],"if":[149],"some":[155,248],"charges":[156,167],"on":[157,223],"part":[159],"students,":[161],"since":[162],"capacity":[164],"taking":[166],"own":[170],"innate":[174],"but":[175],"it":[176,191],"must":[177],"be":[178,182,193],"taught,":[179],"there":[180],"would":[181,192],"much":[183],"need":[184],"guidance.":[186],"As":[187],"Thanasoulas":[188],"(2000)":[189],"declares":[190],"nothing":[194],"short":[195],"assert":[199],"learners":[201],"come":[202],"into":[203],"situation":[206],"knowledge":[209],"skills":[211],"plan,":[213],"monitor,":[214],"evaluate":[216],"their":[217],"or":[219,225],"make":[221],"decisions":[222],"content":[224],"objectives.":[226],"present":[228],"paper":[229],"was":[230],"attempt":[232],"elucidate":[234],"concept":[236],"from":[239],"philosophical":[240],"theoretical":[242],"perspectives":[243],"also":[245],"provide":[247],"pedagogical":[249],"implications":[250],"value":[254],"teacher,":[258],"primary":[261],"scaffolder":[262],"educational":[265],"classroom,":[266],"consolidating":[268],"learners.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}