{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014543162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","title":"Incidence and Determinants of Child Labour in Nigeria: Implications for Poverty Alleviation","display_name":"Incidence and Determinants of Child Labour in Nigeria: Implications for Poverty Alleviation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014543162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","mag":"2014543162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406946441","display_name":"African Journal of Economic Policy","issn_l":"1116-4875","issn":["1116-4875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Economic Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028793990","display_name":"Benjamin Okpukpara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-1313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-1313","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1373-3521"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Chiedozie Okpukpara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Rural Development and Cooperatives, University of Nigeria, Nsukka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Rural Development and Cooperatives, University of Nigeria, Nsukka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096751146","display_name":"Ngozi Odurukwu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngozi Odurukwu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36774086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-labor","display_name":"child labor","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-poverty","display_name":"household poverty","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-welfare","display_name":"child welfare","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-schooling","display_name":"child schooling","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinants-of-child-labor","display_name":"determinants of child labor","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-education","display_name":"parental education","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction-policy","display_name":"poverty reduction policy","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.9480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.825682520866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777464741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192571","display_name":"Child labour","level":3,"score":0.6736876964569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152545","display_name":"Functional illiteracy","level":2,"score":0.6080539226531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5791898369789124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5090901255607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45931369066238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.45919549465179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4248069226741791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3370513916015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26558220386505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23004308342933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1929382085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajep.v10i1.24246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406946441","display_name":"African Journal of Economic Policy","issn_l":"1116-4875","issn":["1116-4875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Economic Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170042518","https://openalex.org/W633249209","https://openalex.org/W652549121","https://openalex.org/W1537400025","https://openalex.org/W1886378697","https://openalex.org/W1967296327","https://openalex.org/W1970696020","https://openalex.org/W1997747505","https://openalex.org/W2011918390","https://openalex.org/W2093504796","https://openalex.org/W2555360819","https://openalex.org/W2620781745","https://openalex.org/W3121466124","https://openalex.org/W3123181371","https://openalex.org/W3123529731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2236658238","https://openalex.org/W1602829086","https://openalex.org/W1557189909","https://openalex.org/W2181634797","https://openalex.org/W1587711171","https://openalex.org/W7172348943","https://openalex.org/W2807061731","https://openalex.org/W2917538790","https://openalex.org/W2186795276","https://openalex.org/W2238493639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Various":[0],"official":[1],"reports":[2,71],"have":[3,9,72,100],"established":[4],"that":[5,30,135,224,282],"child":[6,22,78,92,144,187,202,235,255,269,289,322],"activity":[7,145,169,188,236,256],"options":[8,146,189],"a":[10,18,40,159],"link":[11,20],"to":[12,63,111,195,287,340,349,355],"household":[13,25,228,244],"poverty.":[14,26],"Specifically,":[15],"research":[16],"acknowledges":[17],"two-way":[19],"between":[21],"labour":[23,270,290],"and":[24,44,49,87,97,151,216,229,251,307,309],"Some":[27],"researchers":[28],"argue":[29],"the":[31,66,85,91,120,127,132,141,156,163,177,234,239,242,266,293,296,301,305,319],"increasing":[32,75],"participation":[33,55,164,323],"of":[34,42,77,84,90,143,158,165,179,201,241,247,259,265,268,295,300,304,321,344,360],"children":[35,166,346],"in":[36,115,140,153,167,172,186,209,218,272,291,324,352],"economic":[37,50,168,325,335,353],"activities":[38,326,354],"is":[39,108,134,280],"result":[41],"illiteracy":[43],"poverty,":[45,345],"among":[46],"other":[47,273],"social":[48],"problems.":[51],"Others":[52],"view":[53],"such":[54],"as":[56,197],"an":[57,74,198],"important":[58,199,313],"strategy":[59],"by":[60],"poor":[61],"households":[62],"rise":[64],"above":[65],"poverty":[67,180,191,196],"line.":[68],"In":[69,175],"Nigeria,":[70,292],"identified":[73],"incidence":[76],"labour,":[79],"but":[80],"comprehensive":[81],"national":[82],"analyses":[83],"descriptive":[86],"causal":[88],"factors":[89],"welfare":[93],"variables":[94,231],"\u2013":[95,99],"schooling":[96],"work":[98],"not":[101,338],"been":[102],"possible":[103],"until":[104],"now.":[105],"This":[106],"study":[107,133],"therefore":[109],"expected":[110],"fill":[112],"this":[113,278],"gap":[114,161],"knowledge":[116],"using":[117],"data":[118],"from":[119,131],"Nigeria":[121],"Child":[122],"Labour":[123],"Survey,":[124],"2001.":[125],"Among":[126],"major":[128],"conclusions":[129],"emerging":[130],"there":[136,182,205],"are":[137,183,337],"structural":[138],"differences":[139,185,208],"choice":[142],"across":[147,190,212],"gender,":[148],"age,":[149],"sector":[150,160,308],"zones":[152,217],"Nigeria.":[154,219],"Although":[155],"evidence":[157],"exists,":[162],"particularly":[170],"increases":[171],"rural":[173],"areas.":[174],"all":[176],"measures":[178],"used,":[181],"also":[184],"status,":[192],"which":[193],"points":[194],"variable":[200],"welfare.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"were":[206],"percentage":[207],"income":[210,253,298],"contribution":[211],"age":[213,240,294],"groups,":[214],"gender":[215],"The":[220],"econometric":[221],"estimation":[222],"noted":[223],"some":[225],"child,":[226,243,297],"parent,":[227],"community":[230],"significantly":[232],"affect":[233],"options.":[237,257],"Specifically":[238],"composition,":[245],"education":[246,303],"father,":[248],"sector,":[249],"zone":[250,310],"adult":[252],"determine":[254],"Most":[258],"these":[260],"contradict":[261],"or":[262,363],"support":[263],"many":[264],"findings":[267],"studies":[271],"developing":[274],"countries.":[275],"Based":[276],"on":[277,318],"it":[279],"recommended":[281],"for":[283],"formulating":[284],"effective":[285],"policy":[286],"reduce":[288],"status":[299],"household,":[302],"parents,":[306],"must":[311],"constitute":[312],"variables.":[314],"Also,":[315],"awareness":[316],"campaigns":[317],"cost":[320],"should":[327],"be":[328],"given":[329],"priority.":[330],"More":[331],"importantly,":[332],"if":[333],"overall":[334],"conditions":[336],"improved":[339],"lift":[341],"families":[342],"out":[343],"will":[347],"continue":[348],"get":[350],"involved":[351],"enhance":[356],"family":[357],"income,":[358],"irrespective":[359],"any":[361],"regulatory":[362],"legislative":[364],"prohibitions.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}