{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014342217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","title":"In situ polymerase chain reaction amplification of HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue","display_name":"In situ polymerase chain reaction amplification of HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014342217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","mag":"2014342217","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9562406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7140881","display_name":"Journal of Virological Methods","issn_l":"0166-0934","issn":["0166-0934","1879-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Virological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079375068","display_name":"P\u00e1draig Strappe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-0558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-0558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800150677","display_name":"Western General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009kr6r15","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2800150677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e1draig M Strappe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, UK","Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110022263","display_name":"Ting Huei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800150677","display_name":"Western General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009kr6r15","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2800150677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Huei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113849657","display_name":"Chris-Anne McKenzie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800150677","display_name":"Western General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009kr6r15","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2800150677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris-Anne McKenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077587504","display_name":"Suzanne Lowrie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800150677","display_name":"Western General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009kr6r15","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2800150677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzanne Lowrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070291466","display_name":"Peter Simmonds K","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-4700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-4700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Simmonds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110028732","display_name":"Jeanne E. Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800150677","display_name":"Western General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009kr6r15","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2800150677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanne E Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079375068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800150677","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58737864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"2","first_page":"119","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11970","display_name":"Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1","display_name":"HIV-1","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proviral-dna","display_name":"proviral DNA","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ-pcr","display_name":"in situ PCR","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tissue","display_name":"brain tissue","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded-tissue","display_name":"formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tyramide-signal-amplification","display_name":"tyramide signal amplification","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-pretreatment","display_name":"microwave pretreatment","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-encephalitis","display_name":"HIV-1 encephalitis","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-sensitivity","display_name":"detection sensitivity","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204628709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864854","display_name":"Biotinylation","level":2,"score":0.8210397958755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7624777555465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.7609297037124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.7422575354576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81439078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304142","display_name":"In situ hybridization","level":4,"score":0.5898275375366211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.5405418276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.5343040227890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2902493","display_name":"Primer dimer","level":5,"score":0.5051286816596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778204606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181354","display_name":"Biotin","level":2,"score":0.4668933153152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90583042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952456","display_name":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction","level":4,"score":0.45600876212120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130197536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418436","display_name":"Hybridization probe","level":3,"score":0.4230043292045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17757408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135516","display_name":"genomic DNA","level":3,"score":0.4151456654071808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.20728349685668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.17292752861976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.11572012305259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.10868304967880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004279","descriptor_name":"DNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005557","descriptor_name":"Formaldehyde","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008872","descriptor_name":"Microwaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016612","descriptor_name":"Paraffin Embedding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016707","descriptor_name":"Tissue Fixation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00156-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7140881","display_name":"Journal of Virological Methods","issn_l":"0166-0934","issn":["0166-0934","1879-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Virological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9562406","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9562406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of virological methods","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W281134522","https://openalex.org/W609698648","https://openalex.org/W1546703720","https://openalex.org/W1919347965","https://openalex.org/W1979491836","https://openalex.org/W1979789793","https://openalex.org/W1980131626","https://openalex.org/W1991587480","https://openalex.org/W1995992756","https://openalex.org/W1996091667","https://openalex.org/W2004831310","https://openalex.org/W2020554721","https://openalex.org/W2021151285","https://openalex.org/W2033099386","https://openalex.org/W2071906599","https://openalex.org/W2090908073","https://openalex.org/W2092660153","https://openalex.org/W2092775542","https://openalex.org/W2114601677","https://openalex.org/W2128280465","https://openalex.org/W2149552563","https://openalex.org/W2150886578","https://openalex.org/W2169095332","https://openalex.org/W2245513686","https://openalex.org/W2323003408","https://openalex.org/W2329291112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482066588","https://openalex.org/W1964526112","https://openalex.org/W2008584695","https://openalex.org/W1977576378","https://openalex.org/W2090908073","https://openalex.org/W2034528330","https://openalex.org/W1975792602","https://openalex.org/W2404035927","https://openalex.org/W2003186832","https://openalex.org/W2043077940"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}