{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014309726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","title":"Helping Physicians To Keep Abreast of the Medical Literature: Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773\u20131795","display_name":"Helping Physicians To Keep Abreast of the Medical Literature: Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773\u20131795","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014309726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","mag":"2014309726","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10906847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103052098","display_name":"Iain Chalmers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-5444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-5444","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-8490","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1995-3167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72054575","display_name":"Cochrane","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbkrq51","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72054575"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iain Chalmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)","Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)","Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme","University of Freiburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72054575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72054575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Freiburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080213017","display_name":"Ulrich Tr\u00f6hler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72054575","display_name":"Cochrane","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbkrq51","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72054575"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Tr\u00f6hler","raw_affiliation_strings":["UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72054575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tr\u00f6hler)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103052098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081","https://openalex.org/I72054575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"133","issue":"3","first_page":"238","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12324","display_name":"History of Medicine Studies","score":0.10270000249147415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.09109999984502792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-literature","display_name":"medical literature","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keeping-up-to-date","display_name":"keeping up to date","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-appraisal","display_name":"critical appraisal","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-medicine","display_name":"evidence-based medicine","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/18th-century","display_name":"18th century","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-reviews","display_name":"systematic reviews","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bibliographic-databases","display_name":"bibliographic databases","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-journals","display_name":"medical journals","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-informatics","display_name":"medical informatics","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6596165299415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3848292827606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.36717745661735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.32734715938568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000043","descriptor_name":"Abstracting and Indexing","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049670","descriptor_name":"History, 17th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10906847","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10906847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of internal medicine","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:37118","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/37118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401057","display_name":"FreiDok plus (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Freiburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","host_organization_name":"University of Freiburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine. - 133, 3 (2000) , 238, ISSN: 0003-4819","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607190847","https://openalex.org/W1949461038","https://openalex.org/W1980300818","https://openalex.org/W1982130175","https://openalex.org/W1999330849","https://openalex.org/W2005983729","https://openalex.org/W2016476623","https://openalex.org/W2042319840","https://openalex.org/W2090395115","https://openalex.org/W2144504916","https://openalex.org/W2144873669","https://openalex.org/W2161566871","https://openalex.org/W2414909022","https://openalex.org/W2517349043","https://openalex.org/W4233954896","https://openalex.org/W4239525205","https://openalex.org/W4296976415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095266511","https://openalex.org/W2133070284","https://openalex.org/W7125681708","https://openalex.org/W2910209674","https://openalex.org/W4238438739","https://openalex.org/W2551474368","https://openalex.org/W11539303","https://openalex.org/W2070629028","https://openalex.org/W2186103281","https://openalex.org/W1976811918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0,10,12,368,407,470,485,500,515,530,545,558,608,753,763,777,791,807,821,844,858,871,885,900,929,943,996,999,1150,1160,1164,1375,1463,1492],"Writings1":[1],"August":[2,1529,1556,1561],"2000Helping":[3],"Physicians":[4,1386],"To":[5,340,573],"Keep":[6],"Abreast":[7],"of":[8,39,63,110,175,178,186,199,205,211,221,344,351,357,430,435,452,461,577,610,618,657,716,765,809,812,837,842,873,876,887,890,1025,1049,1051,1070,1081,1094,1138,1140,1149,1154,1157,1181,1183,1185,1191,1220,1227,1334,1385,1387,1456,1470,1477,1490,1502,1510,1520,1522,1571],"the":[9,92,107,111,173,187,197,203,209,212,217,298,342,389,400,433,436,575,585,604,607,611,619,635,700,714,724,733,766,795,810,816,838,874,888,918,965,976,1014,1020,1047,1095,1134,1158,1270,1382,1457,1475,1481,1500,1508],"Literature:":[11],"and":[13,19,30,45,54,70,100,168,214,219,257,369,388,408,463,471,486,501,516,531,587,631,720,744,754,792,797,840,852,893,964,1136,1189,1218,1223,1275,1310,1325,1353,1377,1462,1464,1488,1507,1545],"Philosophical":[14,370,409,472,487,502,517,532,1465],"Commentaries,":[15],"1773\u20131795Iain":[16],"Chalmers,":[17,24,1314,1363,1396],"FRCPEdin":[18],"Ulrich":[20,46,1316],"Tr\u00f6hler,":[21,47,1317],"MD,":[22,48,677,1318],"PhDIain":[23],"FRCPEdinUK":[25],"Cochrane":[26,50,1004,1228,1267,1321,1399,1415],"Centre,":[27,51,1322,1400,1416],"NHS":[28,52,1323],"Research":[29,53,1324,1549],"Development":[31,55,1326],"Programme;":[32,56,1327],"Oxford,":[33,57,1328],"United":[34,58,1329,1424],"Kingdom":[35,59,1330],"OX2":[36,60,1331,1406,1422],"7LG":[37,61,1332],"(Chalmers)University":[38,62,1333],"Freiburg;":[40,64,1335],"Freiburg,":[41,65,1336],"Germany":[42,66,1337],"D-79104":[43,67,1338,1436],"(Tr\u00f6hler)":[44],"PhDUK":[49],"(Tr\u00f6hler)Author,":[68],"Article,":[69,1309],"Disclosure":[71,1311],"Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024":[72],"SectionsAboutFull":[73],"TextPDF":[74],"ToolsAdd":[75],"to":[76,89,114,135,138,151,170,208,216,248,254,259,297,738,921,1013,1448,1453,1473],"favoritesDownload":[77],"CitationsTrack":[78],"CitationsPermissions":[79],"ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail":[80],"[Life":[81],"is":[82],"too":[83],"short":[84],"for":[85,282,399,425,432,723,815,850,975,1019,1123,1195,1357,1364,1371,1389,1499],"a":[86,144,428,1007,1225,1484],"conscientious":[87,132],"physician]":[88],"acquire\u2014even":[90],"with":[91,140,163,193,1010,1108,1230],"most":[93],"suitable":[94],"education,":[95],"unremitting":[96],"observation,":[97],"accurate":[98],"investigation,":[99],"unwearied":[101],"reading\u2014":[102],"\u2026":[103],"satisfactory":[104],"confidence":[105],"in":[106,127,161,366,581,584,606,634,718,735,957,1068,1074,1079,1152,1233,1250,1254,1269,1294,1298,1391,1513],"unreserved":[108],"treatment":[109],"sick":[112],"committed":[113],"his":[115],"charge.John":[116],"Rollo,":[117],"1801":[118],"(1)Like":[119],"John":[120,386,962,1362],"Rollo":[121,181],"(d.":[122],"1809)\u2014an":[123],"army":[124],"surgeon":[125],"trained":[126],"Edinburgh":[128,995,998],"200":[129],"years":[130],"ago\u2014today's":[131],"clinicians":[133],"wishing":[134],"keep":[136,1454],"up":[137],"date":[139],"relevant":[141],"information":[142,1365],"face":[143],"truly":[145],"daunting":[146],"task":[147],"(2).":[148],"In":[149],"response":[150],"this":[152],"challenge,":[153],"clinical":[154,250,582,1141,1192],"epidemiologists":[155],"at":[156,191,1381],"McMaster":[157],"University,":[158],"Ontario,":[159],"Canada,":[160],"collaboration":[162],"others,":[164],"initiated":[165],"(3,":[166],"4)":[167],"continue":[169],"develop":[171],"(5)":[172],"concept":[174],"\"critical":[176],"appraisal\"":[177],"reports":[179,1069,1219],"...References1.":[180],"J.":[182,267,601,696,711,730,783,800,994],"A":[183,279,364,697,776,1179,1517],"Short":[184],"Account":[185,836],"Royal":[188,355,1383],"Artillery":[189,200],"Hospital":[190],"Woolwich;":[192],"Some":[194,841],"Observations":[195,602,712,731,790,916],"on":[196,603,627,699,713,732,779,917,1359],"Management":[198,715],"Soldiers,":[201],"Respecting":[202],"Preservation":[204],"Health.":[206],"Addressed":[207],"officers":[210],"regiment,":[213],"dedicated":[215],"Master-General":[218],"Board":[220],"Ordinance.":[222],"London:":[223,376,478,493,508,523,538,615,704,722,741,756,769,799,814,878,895,923,1023,1162,1256,1300],"Mawman;":[224],"1801:80.":[225],"Google":[226,244,289,362,380,404,419,446,467,482,497,512,527,542,555,569,622,643,693,708,727,748,759,772,786,803,819,831,856,867,881,898,912,927,940,954,980,1002,1029,1167,1262,1306],"Scholar2.":[227],"Sackett":[228,271],"DL,":[229,272],"Richardson":[230],"WS,":[231],"Rosenberg":[232],"W,":[233],"Haynes":[234,273,305],"RB.":[235],"Evidence-Based":[236],"Medicine.":[237,284],"2d":[238],"ed.":[239,678,703],"Edinburgh:":[240,354,442,459,551,564,825,862,906,935,949],"Churchill":[241],"Livingstone;":[242],"2000.":[243,1022],"Scholar3.":[245],".":[246,1045,1216],"How":[247],"read":[249,255],"journals:":[251,1077],"I.":[252,375,414,477,492,507,522,537,550,1065,1132],"Why":[253],"them":[256,262],"how":[258],"start":[260],"reading":[261,1124],"critically.":[263],"Can":[264],"Med":[265,664],"Assoc":[266],"1981;124:555-8.":[268],"MedlineGoogle":[269,598,667,1129],"Scholar4.":[270],"RB,":[274,306],"Tugwell":[275,1210],"P.":[276,443],"Clinical":[277,283],"Epidemiology:":[278],"Basic":[280],"Science":[281,464],"Boston:":[285],"Little,":[286],"Brown;":[287],"1985.":[288],"Scholar5.":[290],"Guyatt":[291,1120],"GH,":[292],"Rennie":[293],"D.":[294,742],"Users'":[295],"guides":[296],"medical":[299,330,1015,1076,1090,1458,1478,1503,1514],"literature.":[300],"JAMA.":[301,1058,1083,1198,1236],"1993;270:2096-7.":[302],"CrossrefMedlineGoogle":[303,336,1060,1085,1200,1238],"Scholar6.":[304],"Mulrow":[307,1087],"CD,":[308],"Huth":[309,1103],"EJ,":[310],"Altman":[311,1245,1289],"DG,":[312,1246,1290],"Gardner":[313],"MJ.":[314],"More":[315],"informative":[316],"abstracts":[317],"revisited.":[318],"Ann":[319,1097,1112],"Intern":[320,1098,1113],"Med.":[321,1099,1114],"1990;113:69-76.":[322],"LinkGoogle":[323,1101,1116],"Scholar7.":[324],"Colman":[325],"E.":[326],"The":[327,346,384,960,1055,1089,1147,1266,1340],"first":[328],"English":[329],"journal:":[331],"Medicina":[332],"Curiosa.":[333],"Lancet.":[334],"1999;354:324-6.":[335],"Scholar8.":[337],"Tr\u00f6hler":[338,571,645,669],"U.":[339,572,646,670],"Improve":[341],"Evidence":[343],"Medicine:":[345,453],"18th":[347,1482],"Century":[348],"British":[349,401,977,1159,1163],"Origins":[350],"an":[352],"Approach.":[353],"College":[356,1384,1570],"Physicians;":[358],"2000":[359,1259,1303,1557,1562,1567],"[In":[360,1260,1304],"press].":[361,1261,1305],"Scholar9.":[363],"Society":[365],"Edinburgh.":[367],"Commentaries":[371,1466],"Volume":[372,411,474,489,504,519,534,549,562,823,860,904,933,947],"First,":[373,475,490,505,520,535],"Part":[374,413,476,491,506,521,536],"J":[377,479,494,509,524,539,853],"Murray;":[378,480,495,510,525,540],"1773.":[379,747],"Scholar10.":[381],"Zachs":[382,958],"W.":[383,789,834,959],"First":[385,961],"Murray":[387,963],"Late":[390,966],"Eighteenth-Century":[391,967],"London":[392,968],"Book":[393,969],"Trade.":[394,970],"Oxford:":[395,971],"Oxford":[396,972,1405,1421],"Univ":[397,973],"Pr,":[398,974],"Academy;":[402,978],"1998:179-80.":[403],"Scholar11.":[405],"Preface.":[406,544,557,942],"Commentaries.":[410,473,488,503,518,533,546,559,822,859,901,930,944],"Sixth,":[412],"Edinburgh,":[415,1388],"G.":[416,552,565,745,826,863,907,915,936,950],"Mundie;":[417,553],"1779:5-6.":[418],"Scholar12.":[420],"Huie":[421],"R.":[422],"Harveian":[423],"Oration":[424],"1829;":[426],"Being":[427],"Tribute":[429],"Respect":[431],"memory":[434],"late":[437],"Andrew":[438,454,1367,1460],"Duncan":[439,455,1461],"Sen.":[440],"M.D.":[441],"Neill;":[444],"1829:3-28.":[445],"Scholar13.":[447],"Rosner":[448],"LM.":[449],"Scottish":[450],"Men":[451],"M.D.,":[456],"F.R.S.E.":[457],"(1744\u20131828).":[458],"History":[460],"Medicine":[462],"Unit;":[465],"1981.":[466],"Scholar14.":[468],"Introduction.":[469,484,499,514,529],"1773:5-6.":[481],"Scholar15.":[483],"1773:6-7.":[496],"Scholar16.":[498],"1773:8.":[511],"Scholar17.":[513],"1773:11.":[526],"Scholar18.":[528],"1773:9.":[541],"Scholar19.":[543],"Decade":[547,560,902,931,945],"Second,":[548,561,903,932,946],"1786:vi-vii.":[554],"Scholar20.":[556],"II.":[563,934],"Mundie":[566,827,864,908,937,951],";":[567,828,865,909,938,952],"1788:vi.":[568],"Scholar21.":[570],"improve":[574],"evidence":[576],"medicine:":[578],"arithmetic":[579],"observation":[580],"medicine":[583],"eighteenth":[586],"early":[588],"nineteenth":[589],"centuries.":[590],"Hist":[591],"Phil":[592],"Life":[593],"Sci.":[594],"1988;10":[595],"Suppl":[596],"31-40.":[597],"Scholar22.":[599],"Millar":[600,710],"Practice":[605],"Department":[609],"Westminster":[612],"General":[613,767,1491],"Dispensary.":[614,768],"by":[616,1568],"order":[617],"Governors;":[620],"1777:4-7.":[621],"Scholar23.":[623],"Maehle":[624],"A-H.":[625],"Drugs":[626],"Trial:":[628],"Experimental":[629],"Pharmacology":[630],"Therapeutic":[632],"Innovation":[633],"Eighteenth":[636],"Century.":[637],"Amsterdam;":[638],"Atlanta,":[639],"GA:":[640],"Rodopi;":[641],"1999.":[642],"Scholar24.":[644],"Die":[647],"Gewissheit":[648],"der":[649,1430],"Chirurgie:":[650],"Grundlagen":[651],"klinisch-therapeutischer":[652],"Bewertung":[653],"um":[654],"1750":[655],"[basis":[656],"therapeutic":[658],"evaluation":[659],"around":[660],"1750].":[661],"Schweiz.":[662],"Rundsch":[663],"Prax.":[665],"1987;76:958-61.":[666],"Scholar25.":[668],"L'essor":[671],"de":[672,680],"la":[673,681],"chirurgie.":[674],"In:":[675,1143,1283],"Grmek":[676],"Histoire":[679],"Pens\u00e9e":[682],"M\u00e9dicale":[683],"en":[684],"Occident,":[685],"Paris,":[686],"Ed.":[687],"Du":[688],"Seuil,":[689],"v.":[690],"3,":[691],"1999:235-51.":[692],"Scholar26.":[694],"Lind":[695],"Treatise":[698],"Scurvy,":[701],"3d":[702],"S.":[705],"Crowder;":[706],"1772.":[707],"Scholar27.":[709],"Diseases":[717,734,919],"Army":[719],"Navy.":[721],"author;":[725,817],"1778-1779.":[726],"Scholar28.":[728],"Clark":[729],"Long":[736],"Voyages":[737],"Hot":[739],"Countries.":[740],"Wilson":[743],"Nicol;":[746],"Scholar29.":[749],"Percival":[750],"T.":[751,806,870,884],"Essays":[752],"Experimental.":[755],"Johnson;":[757,801,879,896],"1767.":[758],"Scholar30.":[760],"Lettsom":[761],"JC.":[762],"Memoirs":[764],"Dilly;":[770],"1774.":[771],"Scholar31.":[773],"Dobson":[774],"M.":[775,848],"Commentary":[778],"Fixed":[780],"Air.":[781],"Chester:":[782],"Monk;":[784],"1779.":[785],"Scholar32.":[787],"Black":[788],"Political:":[793],"On":[794],"Small-Pox":[796],"Inoculation.":[798],"1781.":[802],"Scholar33.":[804],"Fowler":[805,869,883],"Reports,":[808],"effects":[811,1476],"tobacco.":[813],"1785.":[818,855,926],"Scholar34.":[820],"Tenth.":[824,861],"1786:123,":[829],"132.":[830],"Scholar35.":[832],"Withering":[833],"An":[835],"Foxglove":[839],"Its":[843],"Uses.":[845],"Birmingham,":[846],"England:":[847],"Swinney,":[849],"GGJ":[851],"Robinson;":[854],"Scholar36.":[857],"1786:146.":[866],"Scholar37.":[868],"Reports":[872,886],"Effects":[875,889],"Arsenic.":[877],"1786.":[880],"Scholar38.":[882],"Blood-Letting,":[891],"Sudorifics,":[892],"Blistering.":[894],"1795.":[897],"Scholar39.":[899],"X.":[905],"1795:":[910],"212.":[911],"Scholar40.":[913],"Blane":[914],"Incident":[920],"Seamen.":[922],"Joseph":[924],"Cooper;":[925],"Scholar41.":[928],"1788:17-73.":[939],"Scholar42.":[941],"III.":[948],"1788:v-vi.":[953],"Scholar43.":[955],"Quoted":[956],"1998:190.":[979],"Scholar44.":[981],"Johnstone":[982],"RW,":[983],"Cameron":[984],"JD,":[985],"McNeil":[986],"C,":[987,1032],"Dunlop":[988],"DM,":[989],"Paterson":[990],"Brown":[991],"K,":[992],"Sturrock":[993],"Journal.":[997,1000,1161],"1954;61:389-90.":[1001],"Scholar45.":[1003],"AL.":[1005],"1931\u20131971:":[1006],"critical":[1008],"review,":[1009],"particular":[1011],"reference":[1012],"profession.":[1016],"in:":[1017],"Medicines":[1018],"Year":[1021],"Office":[1024],"Health":[1026,1251,1295],"Economics;":[1027],"1979:1-11.":[1028],"Scholar46.":[1030],"Begg":[1031],"Cho":[1033],"M,":[1034,1063,1213,1241,1285],"Eastwood":[1035],"S,":[1036,1145],"Horton":[1037],"R,":[1038],"Moher":[1039,1212],"D,":[1040],"Olkin":[1041],"I,":[1042],"et":[1043,1214],"al":[1044,1215],"Improving":[1046,1133],"quality":[1048,1135],"reporting":[1050,1550],"randomized,":[1052],"controlled":[1053,1071],"trials.":[1054],"CONSORT":[1056],"statement.":[1057],"1996;276:637-9.":[1059],"Scholar47.":[1061],"Clarke":[1062],"Chalmers":[1064,1131,1177],"Discussion":[1066],"sections":[1067],"trials":[1072,1188],"published":[1073,1232],"general":[1075],"islands":[1078],"search":[1080],"continents?":[1082],"1998;280:280-2.":[1084],"Scholar48.":[1086],"CD.":[1088],"review":[1091,1106,1504],"article:":[1092],"state":[1093],"science.":[1096],"1987;106:485-8.":[1100],"Scholar49.":[1102],"EJ.":[1104],"Needed:":[1105],"articles":[1107,1231],"more":[1109],"scientific":[1110,1497,1511],"rigor.":[1111],"1987;106:470-1.":[1115],"Scholar50.":[1117],"Oxman":[1118,1264],"AD,":[1119],"GH.":[1121],"Guidelines":[1122],"literature":[1125],"reviews.":[1126],"CMAJ.":[1127],"1988;138:697-703.":[1128],"Scholar51.":[1130],"dissemination":[1137],"reviews":[1139,1222,1229],"research..":[1142],"Lock":[1144],"eds.":[1146,1247,1291],"Future":[1148],"Journals:":[1151],"Commemoration":[1153],"150":[1155],"Years":[1156],"Journal;":[1165],"1991:127-46.":[1166],"Scholar52.":[1168],"Antman":[1169],"EM,":[1170],"Lau":[1171],"J,":[1172],"Kupelnick":[1173],"B,":[1174],"Mosteller":[1175],"F,":[1176],"TC.":[1178],"comparison":[1180,1226],"results":[1182],"meta-analyses":[1184],"randomized":[1186],"control":[1187],"recommendations":[1190],"experts.":[1193],"Treatments":[1194],"myocardial":[1196],"infarction.":[1197],"1992;268:240-8.":[1199],"Scholar53.":[1201],"Jadad":[1202],"AR,":[1203],"Cook":[1204],"DJ,":[1205],"Jones":[1206],"A,":[1207],"Klassen":[1208],"TP,":[1209],"P,":[1211],"Methodology":[1217],"systematic":[1221],"meta-analyses:":[1224],"paper-based":[1234],"journals.":[1235],"1998;280:278-80.":[1237],"Scholar54.":[1239],"Egger":[1240,1284],"Davey":[1242,1286],"Smith":[1243,1287],"G,":[1244,1288],"Systematic":[1248,1292],"Reviews":[1249,1293],"Care:":[1252,1296],"Meta-Analysis":[1253,1297],"Context.":[1255,1299],"BMJ":[1257,1301],"Books;":[1258,1302],"Scholar55.":[1263],"AD.":[1265],"Collaboration":[1268],"21st":[1271],"century:":[1272,1483],"ten":[1273],"challenges":[1274],"one":[1276],"reason":[1277],"why":[1278],"they":[1279],"must":[1280],"be":[1281],"met.":[1282],"Scholar":[1307],"Author,":[1308],"InformationAuthors:":[1312],"Iain":[1313,1378,1395],"FRCPEdin;":[1315],"PhDAffiliations:":[1319],"UK":[1320,1398,1414],"(Tr\u00f6hler)Acknowledgments:":[1339],"authors":[1341],"thank":[1342],"Matthias":[1343],"Egger,":[1344],"Paul":[1345],"Glasziou,":[1346],"Brian":[1347],"Haynes,":[1348],"David":[1349],"Sackett,":[1350],"Henry":[1351],"Schneiderman,":[1352],"two":[1354],"anonymous":[1355],"referees":[1356],"comments":[1358],"earlier":[1360],"drafts;":[1361],"about":[1366],"Duncan;":[1368],"Sarah":[1369],"White,":[1370],"transcribing":[1372],"material":[1373],"from":[1374],"Commentaries;":[1376],"Milne,":[1379],"Librarian":[1380],"help":[1390],"many":[1392],"ways.Corresponding":[1393],"Author:":[1394],"FRCPEdin,":[1397],"Summertown":[1401,1417],"Pavilion,":[1402,1418],"Middle":[1403,1419],"Way,":[1404,1420],"7LG;":[1407],"e-mail,":[1408],"ichalmers@cochrane.co.uk.Current":[1409],"Author":[1410],"Addresses:":[1411],"Dr.":[1412],"Chalmers:":[1413],"7LG,":[1423],"Kingdom.Dr.":[1425],"Tr\u00f6hler:":[1426],"Institut":[1427],"f\u00fcr":[1428],"Geschichte":[1429],"Medizin,":[1431],"Stefan":[1432],"Meier":[1433],"Str":[1434],"26,":[1435],"Freiburg":[1437],"i.":[1438],"Br,":[1439],"Germany.":[1440],"PreviousarticleNextarticle":[1441],"Advertisement":[1442],"FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails":[1443],"Metrics":[1444],"Cited":[1445],"byOrganizational":[1446],"Opportunities":[1447],"Enhance":[1449],"Physician":[1450],"LearningHelping":[1451],"physicians":[1452],"abreast":[1455],"literature:":[1459],",":[1467],"1773\u20131795The":[1468],"introduction":[1469],"numerical":[1471],"methods":[1472],"assess":[1474],"interventions":[1479],"during":[1480],"brief":[1485],"historyFifty-Year":[1486],"Fate":[1487],"Impact":[1489],"JournalsThe":[1493],"move":[1494],"toward":[1495],"setting":[1496],"standards":[1498],"content":[1501],"articlesCollegiality,":[1505],"critique":[1506],"construction":[1509],"argumentation":[1512],"book":[1515],"reviews:":[1516],"diachronic":[1518],"approachQuality":[1519],"Abstracts":[1521],"Papers":[1523],"Reporting":[1524],"Original":[1525],"Cost-Effectiveness":[1526],"Analyses":[1527],"1":[1528,1560],"2000Volume":[1530],"133,":[1531],"Issue":[1532,1558],"3":[1533],"Page:":[1534],"238-243":[1535],"Keywords":[1536],"Case":[1537],"series":[1538],"Edema":[1539],"Fevers":[1540],"Libraries":[1541],"Mortality":[1542],"Prevention,":[1543],"policy,":[1544],"public":[1546],"health":[1547],"Quinine":[1548],"guidelines":[1551],"Surgeons":[1552],"Surgery":[1553],"ePublished:":[1554],"15":[1555],"Published:":[1559],"Copyright":[1563],"&":[1564],"PermissionsCopyright":[1565],"\u00a9":[1566],"American":[1569],"Physicians.":[1572],"All":[1573],"Rights":[1574],"Reserved.PDF":[1575],"downloadLoading":[1576],"...":[1577]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
