{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014083580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","title":"High prevalence in Malawi of sight\u2010threatening retinopathy and visual impairment caused by diabetes: identification of population\u2010specific targets for intervention","display_name":"High prevalence in Malawi of sight\u2010threatening retinopathy and visual impairment caused by diabetes: identification of population\u2010specific targets for intervention","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014083580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","mag":"2014083580","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24823871","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4257078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/dme.12492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/dme.12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72944096","display_name":"Diabetic Medicine","issn_l":"0742-3071","issn":["0742-3071","1096-9136","1464-5491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/dme.12492","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007930736","display_name":"Philip I. Burgess","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-2299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-2299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163380","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/025sthg37","country_code":"MW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}],"countries":["GB","MW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. I. Burgess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049711684","display_name":"Theresa J. Allain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-8723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-8723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163380","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/025sthg37","country_code":"MW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. J. Allain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001767680","display_name":"Marta Garc\u00eda\u2010Fi\u00f1ana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-0575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-0575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Garc\u00eda\u2010Fi\u00f1ana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015436088","display_name":"Nicholas A. V. Beare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-990X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-990X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. A. V. Beare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","Department of St Pauls Eye Unit Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of St Pauls Eye Unit Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038543766","display_name":"Gerald Msukwa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163380","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/025sthg37","country_code":"MW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Msukwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Lions Sight First Eye Hospital Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Lions Sight First Eye Hospital Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072357388","display_name":"Simon Peter Harding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. P. Harding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","Department of St Pauls Eye Unit Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Eye and Vision Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of St Pauls Eye Unit Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007930736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I4210163380"],"apc_list":{"value":4870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4870},"apc_paid":{"value":2709,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2921},"fwci":2.1865,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85716519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"12","first_page":"1643","last_page":"1650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sight-threatening-retinopathy","display_name":"sight-threatening retinopathy","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"proliferative diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-impairment","display_name":"visual impairment","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia","display_name":"anemia","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systolic-blood-pressure","display_name":"systolic blood pressure","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-cholesterol","display_name":"LDL cholesterol","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"visual acuity","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9762252569198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.7104735374450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7011910080909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6787367463111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6422939896583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.6421489715576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4880189001560211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.47247928380966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4425096809864044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1517167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134322","display_name":"Sight","level":2,"score":0.4304872751235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.36486199498176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.22554367780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.07605808973312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.07550564408302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000419","descriptor_name":"Albuminuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000740","descriptor_name":"Anemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000740","descriptor_name":"Anemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003404","descriptor_name":"Creatinine","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006454","descriptor_name":"Hemoglobins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006949","descriptor_name":"Hyperlipidemias","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006949","descriptor_name":"Hyperlipidemias","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008076","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol, HDL","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008078","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol, LDL","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008295","descriptor_name":"Malawi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012720","descriptor_name":"Severity of Illness Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014280","descriptor_name":"Triglycerides","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014792","descriptor_name":"Visual Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050177","descriptor_name":"Overweight","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/dme.12492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/dme.12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72944096","display_name":"Diabetic Medicine","issn_l":"0742-3071","issn":["0742-3071","1096-9136","1464-5491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3232472","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4257078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4257078","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4257078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabet Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24823871","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24823871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/dme.12492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12492","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/dme.12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72944096","display_name":"Diabetic Medicine","issn_l":"0742-3071","issn":["0742-3071","1096-9136","1464-5491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1726676994","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Trust Clinical Research Programme.","funder_award_id":"101113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5301637514","display_name":"Wellcome Trust Clinical PhD Programme at the University of Liverpool.","funder_award_id":"094015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5637787691","display_name":"Wellcome Trust-Liverpool-Glasgow Trust Centre for Global Health Research","funder_award_id":"100890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000017280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"094015/Z/10/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2014083580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2014083580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197570494","https://openalex.org/W1612750314","https://openalex.org/W1855931607","https://openalex.org/W1981173869","https://openalex.org/W1982722705","https://openalex.org/W2010456451","https://openalex.org/W2016042041","https://openalex.org/W2016622896","https://openalex.org/W2021951305","https://openalex.org/W2023929570","https://openalex.org/W2046433337","https://openalex.org/W2050875632","https://openalex.org/W2051164043","https://openalex.org/W2072690677","https://openalex.org/W2099838434","https://openalex.org/W2101508556","https://openalex.org/W2108390614","https://openalex.org/W2143643826","https://openalex.org/W2150393535","https://openalex.org/W2157058018","https://openalex.org/W2158671349","https://openalex.org/W2198678228","https://openalex.org/W2311545412","https://openalex.org/W2596624061","https://openalex.org/W2599408064","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W3198570063","https://openalex.org/W4299436089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469267589","https://openalex.org/W2723074926","https://openalex.org/W2158671349","https://openalex.org/W2739892644","https://openalex.org/W2792161011","https://openalex.org/W2943888224","https://openalex.org/W2398689141","https://openalex.org/W4392082623","https://openalex.org/W2293469232","https://openalex.org/W2199339317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AIMS:":[0],"To":[1],"report":[2,28],"the":[3,134,211,269],"prevalence":[4,104,221,245],"of":[5,8,80,87,106,136,143,196,222,233,246,255,274,286],"all":[6],"grades":[7],"diabetic":[9,110],"retinopathy":[10,111,114,138,224,248,257,277],"and":[11,16,60,62,98,112,124,174,194,208,243,279],"associations":[12],"with":[13,21,141,186,258],"demographic,":[14],"clinical":[15],"biochemical":[17],"variables":[18],"in":[19,23,198,210,225,228,239],"people":[20,197],"diabetes":[22,46,144,226],"Southern":[24],"Malawi.":[25],"METHODS:":[26],"We":[27],"baseline":[29],"data":[30],"from":[31,41],"a":[32,220,244,263,283],"24-month":[33],"prospective":[34],"cohort":[35,201],"study.":[36],"Subjects":[37],"were":[38,66,90,96,115],"systematically":[39],"sampled":[40],"two":[42],"hospital-based,":[43],"primary":[44],"care":[45],"clinics.":[47],"Visual":[48],"acuity,":[49],"glycaemic":[50],"control,":[51],"systolic":[52,158],"blood":[53,159],"pressure,":[54],"HIV":[55,187],"status,":[56],"urine":[57],"albumin-creatinine":[58],"ratio,":[59],"haemoglobin":[61,167,260],"serum":[63],"lipid":[64],"levels":[65],"assessed.":[67],"Retinopathy":[68],"was":[69,139,189],"graded":[70],"at":[71],"an":[72],"accredited":[73],"reading":[74],"centre":[75],"using":[76],"modified":[77],"Wisconsin":[78],"grading":[79],"four-field":[81],"mydriatic":[82],"photographs.":[83],"RESULTS:":[84],"A":[85],"total":[86],"357":[88],"subjects":[89,95],"studied.":[91],"Of":[92],"these,":[93],"13.4%":[94],"HIV-positive":[97],"15.1%":[99],"had":[100,202],"anaemia.":[101],"The":[102,216,253],"overall":[103],"rates":[105],"any":[107],"retinopathy,":[108],"sight-threatening":[109,137,223,256],"proliferative":[113,247],"50.1%":[116],"(95%":[117,121,126],"CI":[118,122,127,149,156,165,172,181],"44.9-55.3),":[119],"29.4%":[120],"24.7-34.1)":[123],"7.3%":[125],"4.6-10.0),":[128],"respectively.":[129,214],"In":[130,191],"multivariate":[131],"logistic":[132],"analysis":[133],"presence":[135],"associated":[140],"duration":[142],"(odds":[145,152,161,168,177],"ratio":[146,153,162,169,178],"1.11,":[147],"95%":[148,155,164,171,180],"1.05-1.17),":[150],"HbA1c":[151],"1.31,":[154],"1.13-1.50),":[157],"pressure":[160],"1.03,":[163],"1.01-1.04),":[166],"0.98,":[170],"0.96-0.99)":[173],"LDL":[175],"cholesterol":[176],"1.63,":[179],"1.18-2.25).":[182],"No":[183],"significant":[184],"association":[185,254],"status":[188],"observed.":[190],"all,":[192],"3.6":[193],"1.4%":[195],"our":[199],"study":[200,218],"visual":[203],"acuity":[204],"worse":[205],"than":[206],"6/18":[207],"6/60":[209],"better":[212],"eye,":[213],"CONCLUSIONS:":[215],"present":[217],"found":[219],"clinics":[227],"one":[229],"Sub-Saharan":[230],"African":[231],"country":[232],"approximately":[234,249],"four":[235],"times":[236,251],"that":[237],"reported":[238],"recent":[240],"European":[241],"studies":[242],"10":[250],"higher.":[252],"lower":[259],"level":[261],"is":[262],"new":[264],"finding.":[265],"Our":[266],"results":[267],"highlight":[268],"urgent":[270],"need":[271],"for":[272,276],"provision":[273],"services":[275],"detection":[278],"management":[280],"to":[281],"avoid":[282],"large":[284],"burden":[285],"vision":[287],"loss.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
