{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014062648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","title":"The Plague Fighter: Wu Lien-teh and the beginning of the Chinese public health system","display_name":"The Plague Fighter: Wu Lien-teh and the beginning of the Chinese public health system","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014062648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","mag":"2014062648","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11613294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00033799608560822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70236976","display_name":"Annals of Science","issn_l":"0003-3790","issn":["0003-3790","1464-505X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039777507","display_name":"Carsten Flohr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6286","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6286"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Flohr","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Balliol College , Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK","Balliol College , Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Balliol College , Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Balliol College , Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039777507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28199934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"4","first_page":"361","last_page":"380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.06360000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12232","display_name":"Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonic-plague","display_name":"pneumonic plague","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-reform","display_name":"public health reform","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-public-health","display_name":"history of public health","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qing-dynasty","display_name":"Qing dynasty","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/republican-china","display_name":"Republican China","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shenyang","display_name":"Shenyang","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.791104257106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.7346221804618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778059882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780","display_name":"Plague (disease)","level":2,"score":0.6371383666992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779627259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779763","display_name":"Pretext","level":3,"score":0.6013331413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5683228969573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.47275787591934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44157683849334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.42871028184890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.40468665957450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.37571901082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3573555052280426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.214176207780838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003140","descriptor_name":"Communicable Disease Control","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010930","descriptor_name":"Plague","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00033799608560822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033799608560822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70236976","display_name":"Annals of Science","issn_l":"0003-3790","issn":["0003-3790","1464-505X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11613294","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11613294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of science","raw_type":"Biography"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309626","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310281","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565279940","https://openalex.org/W604275062","https://openalex.org/W652580831","https://openalex.org/W989598848","https://openalex.org/W1511724619","https://openalex.org/W1525946596","https://openalex.org/W1581722718","https://openalex.org/W1995428249","https://openalex.org/W2014391351","https://openalex.org/W2042349004","https://openalex.org/W2048252425","https://openalex.org/W2070983561","https://openalex.org/W2071396080","https://openalex.org/W2156776052","https://openalex.org/W2168072600","https://openalex.org/W2325817177","https://openalex.org/W2495981859","https://openalex.org/W2603280330","https://openalex.org/W2956814523","https://openalex.org/W2977349148","https://openalex.org/W4205294902","https://openalex.org/W4206432992","https://openalex.org/W4214590452","https://openalex.org/W4231649004","https://openalex.org/W4239095789","https://openalex.org/W4239569779","https://openalex.org/W4244842595","https://openalex.org/W4246600736","https://openalex.org/W4247444765","https://openalex.org/W4247893837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314572856","https://openalex.org/W6959362555","https://openalex.org/W3175027547","https://openalex.org/W2273319228","https://openalex.org/W2786777573","https://openalex.org/W4388489934","https://openalex.org/W2955756511","https://openalex.org/W2389657685","https://openalex.org/W3039471175","https://openalex.org/W3215299678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0,62],"the":[1,6,11,16,43,46,66,70,73,79,88,91,108,144,147,150,174,185,195],"end":[2],"of":[3,13,23,45,59,72,110,134,160,173,187],"1910,":[4],"when":[5],"Qing":[7],"dynasty":[8],"was":[9,27],"on":[10,69,90,154,194],"verge":[12],"collapse":[14],"and":[15,37,124,137,165,180,183,192,197],"whole":[17],"Chinese":[18,75,81],"empire":[19,67],"in":[20,98,101,115,146],"a":[21,30,49,140,155],"process":[22],"transformation,":[24],"North":[25],"Manchuria":[26],"devastated":[28],"by":[29,130],"large":[31],"pneumonic":[32],"plague":[33,56,96],"epidemic.":[34],"The":[35],"Russian":[36],"Japanese":[38],"governments":[39],"wanted":[40],"to":[41,51],"use":[42],"outbreak":[44],"disease":[47,89],"as":[48,158],"pretext":[50],"invade":[52],"north-east":[53],"China,":[54,128],"making":[55],"an":[57,94,131,171],"issue":[58],"international":[60,95,125,166,198],"politics.":[61],"this":[63],"dramatic":[64],"moment":[65],"relied":[68],"skills":[71],"young":[74],"doctor":[76],"Wu":[77,86],"Lien-teh,":[78],"first":[80],"medical":[82,141,163,189],"graduate":[83],"from":[84],"Cambridge.":[85],"investigated":[87],"spot,":[92],"chaired":[93],"conference":[97],"Shenyang":[99],"(Manchuria)":[100],"April":[102],"1911,":[103],"and,":[104],"later":[105],"on,":[106],"became":[107],"figurehead":[109],"fundamental":[111],"public":[112],"health":[113],"reforms":[114],"Republican":[116],"China.":[117],"Highly":[118],"ambitious,":[119],"striving":[120],"for":[121,127],"personal":[122,135,178],"fame":[123],"renown":[126],"supported":[129],"excellent":[132],"network":[133],"connections,":[136],"equipped":[138],"with":[139],"training":[142],"considered":[143],"best":[145],"world":[148],"at":[149],"time,":[151],"he":[152],"launched":[153],"startling":[156],"career":[157],"one":[159],"China's":[161],"key":[162],"reformers":[164],"representatives.":[167],"His":[168],"history":[169],"is":[170],"example":[172],"inseparable":[175],"links":[176],"between":[177,184],"fate":[179],"historical":[181],"events,":[182],"interests":[186],"scientists,":[188],"men,":[190],"politicians,":[191],"businessmen":[193],"national":[196],"stages.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}