{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014057234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","title":"Pain Measurement in Persons with Intellectual Disabilities","display_name":"Pain Measurement in Persons with Intellectual Disabilities","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014057234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","mag":"2014057234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10206563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102460418","display_name":"Clinical Journal of Pain","issn_l":"0749-8047","issn":["0749-8047","1536-5409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Clinical Journal of Pain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033546974","display_name":"Diane L. LaChapelle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-6031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-6031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diane L. LaChapelle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. dianelachapelle@hotmail.com","Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. dianelachapelle@hotmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001581796","display_name":"Thomas Hadjistavropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-0450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-0450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hadjistavropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada","Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044630040","display_name":"Kenneth D. Craig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-2662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-2662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth. D. Craig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada","Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033546974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6734,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95652174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11292","display_name":"Pediatric Pain Management Techniques","score":0.6723999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11292","display_name":"Pediatric Pain Management Techniques","score":0.6723999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.15299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.043800000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-assessment","display_name":"pain assessment","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expressions-of-pain","display_name":"facial expressions of pain","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-pain-indicators","display_name":"nonverbal pain indicators","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-bias","display_name":"observer bias","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotypes","display_name":"stereotypes","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-report-validity","display_name":"self-report validity","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intramuscular-injection","display_name":"intramuscular injection","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding","display_name":"facial action coding","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcome-studies","display_name":"treatment outcome studies","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31173074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632514","display_name":"Attractiveness","level":2,"score":0.6112552881240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6076745390892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551499885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183560","display_name":"Intellectual disability","level":2,"score":0.5612680912017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.515642523765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14184104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362526","display_name":"Visual analogue scale","level":2,"score":0.4991774559020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.49330607056617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.46704572439193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4559292793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4494186043739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4362002909183502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.4341302514076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4196772277355194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.35845547914505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3546009063720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.22542262077331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007273","descriptor_name":"Injections, Intramuscular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007361","descriptor_name":"Intelligence Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019989","descriptor_name":"Persons with Intellectual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102460418","display_name":"Clinical Journal of Pain","issn_l":"0749-8047","issn":["0749-8047","1536-5409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Clinical Journal of Pain","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10206563","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10206563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Clinical journal of pain","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534364177","https://openalex.org/W1609245062","https://openalex.org/W1675959026","https://openalex.org/W1963698835","https://openalex.org/W1972765413","https://openalex.org/W1974453796","https://openalex.org/W1987370982","https://openalex.org/W1992624389","https://openalex.org/W1997642421","https://openalex.org/W1998942337","https://openalex.org/W2004085363","https://openalex.org/W2012437327","https://openalex.org/W2012651361","https://openalex.org/W2018851771","https://openalex.org/W2020876442","https://openalex.org/W2038877876","https://openalex.org/W2043138175","https://openalex.org/W2048973207","https://openalex.org/W2049437801","https://openalex.org/W2055262529","https://openalex.org/W2068049679","https://openalex.org/W2086484505","https://openalex.org/W2087068994","https://openalex.org/W2105939331","https://openalex.org/W2117535018","https://openalex.org/W2131610228","https://openalex.org/W2166087694","https://openalex.org/W2323224513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125783259","https://openalex.org/W3132657675","https://openalex.org/W2115014136","https://openalex.org/W2040360170","https://openalex.org/W2484962484","https://openalex.org/W2594244209","https://openalex.org/W2320903756","https://openalex.org/W3208187779","https://openalex.org/W2122555597","https://openalex.org/W2913851420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,114,167],"goal":[2],"was":[3,108],"to":[4,28,43,53,110,132],"study":[5],"the":[6,39,75,142,170,199],"utility":[7],"of":[8,41,57,105,116,144,158,172,180,201],"nonverbal":[9],"facial":[10,119,145,178],"expressions":[11,179],"as":[12,121,123,182],"a":[13,86],"research":[14,183],"tool":[15],"for":[16,91,198],"assessing":[17],"pain":[18,45,81,125,136,181,202],"in":[19,185,203],"persons":[20,190],"with":[21,65,191],"intellectual":[22,34,67,159,192],"disabilities.":[23,193],"Biases":[24],"and":[25,33,71,147,176],"stereotypes":[26,153],"related":[27],"age,":[29,162],"gender,":[30,161],"physical":[31,164],"attractiveness,":[32],"disability":[35,68],"that":[36],"may":[37],"influence":[38],"ability":[40],"observers":[42],"evaluate":[44],"reactions":[46,52,94],"were":[47,69,83,95,138,148],"also":[48,96],"examined.":[49],"DESIGN:":[50],"Facial":[51,76],"an":[54,66],"intramuscular":[55],"injection":[56,133],"40":[58],"adults":[59],"(mean":[60],"age":[61],"=":[62],"49.6":[63],"years)":[64],"videotaped":[70],"objectively":[72,117,174],"examined":[73],"using":[74,85],"Action":[77],"Coding":[78],"System.":[79],"Self-reported":[80],"ratings":[82,137],"obtained":[84],"Colored":[87],"Visual":[88],"Analogue":[89],"Scale":[90],"pain.":[92],"Pain":[93],"rated":[97],"by":[98,141,152],"untrained":[99],"observers.":[100],"RESULTS:":[101],"A":[102],"significant":[103,128],"proportion":[104],"participants":[106],"(35%)":[107],"unable":[109],"provide":[111],"valid":[112],"self-report.":[113],"intensity":[115,126,143],"coded":[118,175],"activity":[120,146],"well":[122],"observer-rated":[124,177],"showed":[127],"increases":[129],"from":[130],"baseline":[131],"segments.":[134],"Observers'":[135],"primarily":[139],"determined":[140],"not":[149],"significantly":[150],"affected":[151],"based":[154],"on":[155],"perceived":[156],"level":[157],"disability,":[160],"or":[163],"attractiveness.":[165],"CONCLUSIONS:":[166],"findings":[168],"support":[169],"validity":[171],"both":[173],"tools":[184],"treatment":[186],"outcome":[187],"studies":[188],"involving":[189],"Self-report":[194],"has":[195],"substantial":[196],"limitations":[197],"assessment":[200],"this":[204],"population.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}