{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014042633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","title":"Direct comparison of two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards by using a femtosecond-laser comb","display_name":"Direct comparison of two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards by using a femtosecond-laser comb","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014042633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","mag":"2014042633","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18033520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.26.000102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029608756","display_name":"Kurt R. Vogel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. R. Vogel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020195328","display_name":"Scott A. Diddams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-0764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-0764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. A. Diddams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047351771","display_name":"Chris W. Oates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-8259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-8259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. W. Oates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012132573","display_name":"E. A. Curtis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3487-5588","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3487-5588"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. A. Curtis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083556579","display_name":"Robert J. Rafac","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Rafac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068256662","display_name":"Wayne M. Itano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. M. Itano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067538945","display_name":"Jonas Bergquist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4597-041X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4597-041X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. C. Bergquist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060969","display_name":"Richard W. Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-0193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-0193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. W. Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004647986","display_name":"W. D. Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. D. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112391497","display_name":"Joseph S. Wells","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. S. Wells","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060101331","display_name":"Leo W. Hollberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-5260","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-5260"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Hollberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93665445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"102","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-frequency-standard","display_name":"optical frequency standard","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-atoms","display_name":"cold atoms","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femtosecond-laser-frequency-comb","display_name":"femtosecond laser frequency comb","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-cooling","display_name":"laser cooling","score":0.6629999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167735695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777507","display_name":"Femtosecond","level":3,"score":0.7928463816642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6928828954696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.6393921971321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138234222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455602","display_name":"Frequency comb","level":3,"score":0.5648006796836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5476242303848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91275184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163117","display_name":"Laser cooling","level":3,"score":0.45495572686195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17163034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390528","display_name":"Fiber laser","level":3,"score":0.4373355507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.41936182975769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33190152049064636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.26.000102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.000102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18033520","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18033520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985487549","https://openalex.org/W1988848633","https://openalex.org/W2000317524","https://openalex.org/W2003141184","https://openalex.org/W2004037996","https://openalex.org/W2005568693","https://openalex.org/W2012545186","https://openalex.org/W2016259771","https://openalex.org/W2017506794","https://openalex.org/W2019859239","https://openalex.org/W2022177296","https://openalex.org/W2040863766","https://openalex.org/W2048929628","https://openalex.org/W2056194529","https://openalex.org/W2077370804","https://openalex.org/W2116393805","https://openalex.org/W2584688313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155115465","https://openalex.org/W2152580754","https://openalex.org/W7099140194","https://openalex.org/W2150079942","https://openalex.org/W2070035679","https://openalex.org/W1593696958","https://openalex.org/W2148641245","https://openalex.org/W1814692236","https://openalex.org/W2137734671","https://openalex.org/W2160129054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"a":[1,18,77],"fiber-broadened,":[2],"femtosecond-laser":[3],"frequency":[4,13,40,79],"comb,":[5],"the":[6,30,47,55,58,71,82],"76-THz":[7],"interval":[8],"between":[9],"two":[10],"laser-cooled":[11],"optical":[12,39],"standards":[14],"was":[15],"measured":[16],"with":[17,86,94],"statistical":[19],"uncertainty":[20],"of":[21,91],"2x10(-13)":[22],"in":[23,89],"5":[24],"s":[25],",":[26],"to":[27,70],"our":[28],"knowledge":[29],"best":[31,96],"short-term":[32],"instability":[33],"thus":[34],"far":[35],"reported":[36],"for":[37,81],"an":[38,87],"measurement.":[41,98],"One":[42],"standard":[43],"is":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46,57],"calcium":[48],"intercombination":[49],"line":[50],"at":[51,63],"657":[52],"nm,":[53],"and":[54],"other,":[56],"mercury":[59],"ion":[60],"electric-quadrupole":[61],"transition":[62,85],"282":[64],"nm.":[65],"By":[66],"linking":[67],"this":[68],"measurement":[69],"known":[72],"Ca":[73],"frequency,":[74],"we":[75],"report":[76],"new":[78],"value":[80],"Hg(+)":[83],"clock":[84],"improvement":[88],"accuracy":[90],"~10(5)":[92],"compared":[93],"its":[95],"previous":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}