{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013901167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","title":"Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk of Conduct Disorder in Boys","display_name":"Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk of Conduct Disorder in Boys","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013901167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","mag":"2013901167","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9236551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126359496","display_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","issn_l":"0003-990X","issn":["0003-990X","1538-3636"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052191472","display_name":"Lauren S. Wakschlag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-2299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-2299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lauren S. Wakschlag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Il, USA. laurie@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu","Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Il, USA. laurie@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052191472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.8015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":479,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99586339,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"7","first_page":"670","last_page":"670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10182","display_name":"Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-during-pregnancy","display_name":"smoking during pregnancy","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-nicotine-exposure","display_name":"prenatal nicotine exposure","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conduct-disorder","display_name":"conduct disorder","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disruptive-behavior-disorders","display_name":"disruptive behavior disorders","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boys","display_name":"boys","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maladaptive-parenting","display_name":"maladaptive parenting","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-behavior-problems","display_name":"child behavior problems","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.8276957273483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.7630121111869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780135496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596474","display_name":"Conduct disorder","level":2,"score":0.6002705097198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5129070281982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4938841462135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4484633207321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.426298052072525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.41135841608047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09477236866950989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002653","descriptor_name":"Child Behavior Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002653","descriptor_name":"Child Behavior Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002653","descriptor_name":"Child Behavior Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008423","descriptor_name":"Maternal Age","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009538","descriptor_name":"Nicotine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011248","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy Complications","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011297","descriptor_name":"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011569","descriptor_name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012923","descriptor_name":"Social Class","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015897","descriptor_name":"Comorbidity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016487","descriptor_name":"Parenting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126359496","display_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","issn_l":"0003-990X","issn":["0003-990X","1538-3636"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9236551","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9236551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of general psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5282624335","display_name":"PRECURSORS TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY AND VIOLENCE","funder_award_id":"R01MH042529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93758419","https://openalex.org/W1487491567","https://openalex.org/W1642207520","https://openalex.org/W1683332422","https://openalex.org/W1730181129","https://openalex.org/W1900557255","https://openalex.org/W1910874497","https://openalex.org/W1965364483","https://openalex.org/W1965927402","https://openalex.org/W1972460686","https://openalex.org/W1981382717","https://openalex.org/W1981538691","https://openalex.org/W1990054482","https://openalex.org/W1991223972","https://openalex.org/W1995686738","https://openalex.org/W2004768199","https://openalex.org/W2009073304","https://openalex.org/W2016593622","https://openalex.org/W2019037666","https://openalex.org/W2019688879","https://openalex.org/W2021472262","https://openalex.org/W2031295070","https://openalex.org/W2033153189","https://openalex.org/W2033522303","https://openalex.org/W2035605579","https://openalex.org/W2036402431","https://openalex.org/W2036523109","https://openalex.org/W2037535206","https://openalex.org/W2041868785","https://openalex.org/W2064022441","https://openalex.org/W2073039458","https://openalex.org/W2079283043","https://openalex.org/W2079743276","https://openalex.org/W2081717305","https://openalex.org/W2082310289","https://openalex.org/W2086253823","https://openalex.org/W2089756459","https://openalex.org/W2104308931","https://openalex.org/W2109720904","https://openalex.org/W2118383107","https://openalex.org/W2125201867","https://openalex.org/W2137799116","https://openalex.org/W2152709305","https://openalex.org/W2169011574","https://openalex.org/W2242736449","https://openalex.org/W2465718579","https://openalex.org/W2990507746","https://openalex.org/W3217490374","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079864139","https://openalex.org/W2068145071","https://openalex.org/W2076693231","https://openalex.org/W2143389594","https://openalex.org/W1642207520","https://openalex.org/W2110463013","https://openalex.org/W1970950429","https://openalex.org/W2121171601","https://openalex.org/W2164583556","https://openalex.org/W3185925402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Previous":[1],"animal":[2],"and":[3,23,27,107,113,186],"human":[4],"studies":[5],"have":[6,147,213],"indicated":[7],"that":[8,232],"prenatal":[9],"exposure":[10],"to":[11,52,66,79,146,195],"nicotine":[12],"is":[13,56,233],"associated":[14,57],"with":[15,58,150],"adverse":[16,215],"reproductive":[17],"outcomes,":[18],"including":[19],"altered":[20],"neural":[21],"structure":[22],"functioning,":[24],"cognitive":[25],"deficits,":[26],"behavior":[28,59,120],"problems":[29,60],"in":[30,61,124,205],"the":[31,62,83,86,118,218],"offspring.":[32,207],"Our":[33],"study":[34],"extends":[35],"previous":[36],"research":[37],"on":[38,217],"humans":[39],"by":[40],"controlling":[41,173],"a":[42,135,148,197,223,226],"broad":[43],"range":[44],"of":[45,47,85,102,137,230,234],"correlates":[46],"maternal":[48,103,177],"smoking":[49,55,104,191,209],"during":[50,105,140,165,184,192,210],"pregnancy":[51,106,141,193,211],"determine":[53],"if":[54],"offspring":[63],"severe":[64],"enough":[65],"qualify":[67],"for":[68,93,117,174,202,225],"DSM-III-R":[69],"diagnosis.":[70],"METHODS:":[71],"Subjects":[72],"were":[73,122,142],"177":[74],"clinic-referred":[75],"boys,":[76],"ages":[77],"7":[78],"12":[80],"years":[81,95],"at":[82],"time":[84],"first":[87],"assessment,":[88],"who":[89,130,161],"underwent":[90],"longitudinal":[91],"assessment":[92],"6":[94],"using":[96],"annual":[97],"structured":[98],"diagnostic":[99],"interviews.":[100],"Correlates":[101],"previously":[108],"identified":[109],"demographic,":[110],"parental,":[111],"perinatal,":[112],"family":[114],"risk":[115,200],"factors":[116],"disruptive":[119],"disorders":[121],"controlled":[123],"logistic":[125],"regression":[126],"analyses.":[127],"RESULTS:":[128],"Mothers":[129],"smoked":[131],"more":[132,144],"than":[133,159],"half":[134],"pack":[136],"cigarettes":[138],"daily":[139],"significantly":[143],"likely":[145],"child":[149],"conduct":[151,203,237],"disorder":[152,204],"(odds":[153],"ratio,":[154],"4.4;":[155],"P":[156],"=":[157],".001)":[158],"mothers":[160,231],"did":[162],"not":[163],"smoke":[164],"pregnancy.":[166],"This":[167],"association":[168],"was":[169],"statistically":[170],"significant":[171],"when":[172],"socioeconomic":[175],"status,":[176],"age,":[178],"parental":[179],"antisocial":[180],"personality,":[181],"substance":[182],"abuse":[183],"pregnancy,":[185],"maladaptive":[187],"parenting.":[188],"CONCLUSIONS:":[189],"Maternal":[190,208],"appears":[194],"be":[196,222],"robust":[198],"independent":[199],"factor":[201],"male":[206],"may":[212],"direct":[214],"effects":[216],"developing":[219],"fetus":[220],"or":[221],"marker":[224],"heretofore":[227],"unmeasured":[228],"characteristic":[229],"etiologic":[235],"significance":[236],"disorder.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":161},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
