{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013873288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","title":"Interracial Contact on College Campuses: Comparing and Contrasting Predictors of Cross-Racial Interaction and Interracial Friendship","display_name":"Interracial Contact on College Campuses: Comparing and Contrasting Predictors of Cross-Racial Interaction and Interracial Friendship","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013873288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","mag":"2013873288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71326023","display_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","issn_l":"0022-1546","issn":["0022-1546","1538-4640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023656040","display_name":"Nicholas A. Bowman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8899-7383","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8899-7383"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas A. Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Higher Education and Student Affairs at Bowling Green State University; nbowman@bgsu","[Bowling Green State University]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Higher Education and Student Affairs at Bowling Green State University; nbowman@bgsu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bowling Green State University]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102740504","display_name":"Julie J. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-6381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-6381"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie J. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland; parkjj@umd","University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland; parkjj@umd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.2535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99579441,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"5","first_page":"660","last_page":"690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.04439999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-contact","display_name":"interracial contact","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-friendship","display_name":"interracial friendship","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-racial-interaction","display_name":"cross-racial interaction","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-climate","display_name":"campus climate","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-characteristics","display_name":"institutional characteristics","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-organizations","display_name":"student organizations","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-in-higher-education","display_name":"diversity in higher education","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgroup-differences","display_name":"subgroup differences","score":0.5320000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778736484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491","display_name":"Friendship","level":2,"score":0.7903041839599609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7042545080184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6108865141868591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5927222967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020641676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065556","display_name":"Pacific islanders","level":3,"score":0.5251728892326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5141521096229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5031532645225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4882340729236603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.4756048619747162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275793","display_name":"Casual","level":2,"score":0.4448184072971344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019166669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727928","display_name":"Asian americans","level":3,"score":0.4396587610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2514774799346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.24582594633102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1785690188407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71326023","display_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","issn_l":"0022-1546","issn":["0022-1546","1538-4640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1353/jhe.2014.0029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2014.0029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2014.0029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71326023","display_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","issn_l":"0022-1546","issn":["0022-1546","1538-4640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/553172","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/553172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:uhejxx:v:85:y:2014:i:5:p:660-690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.5385000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3881561","https://openalex.org/W73291450","https://openalex.org/W83967282","https://openalex.org/W168663406","https://openalex.org/W233258585","https://openalex.org/W632917577","https://openalex.org/W1493424014","https://openalex.org/W1540427797","https://openalex.org/W1557591406","https://openalex.org/W1569853465","https://openalex.org/W1580936357","https://openalex.org/W1600242367","https://openalex.org/W1608832052","https://openalex.org/W1733670649","https://openalex.org/W1969459640","https://openalex.org/W1969996453","https://openalex.org/W1977258390","https://openalex.org/W1977588890","https://openalex.org/W2006980406","https://openalex.org/W2014692739","https://openalex.org/W2021645378","https://openalex.org/W2024000544","https://openalex.org/W2024424774","https://openalex.org/W2028876373","https://openalex.org/W2039148485","https://openalex.org/W2040221380","https://openalex.org/W2040723730","https://openalex.org/W2041918423","https://openalex.org/W2045467617","https://openalex.org/W2057659248","https://openalex.org/W2058786791","https://openalex.org/W2059716388","https://openalex.org/W2069771456","https://openalex.org/W2069848162","https://openalex.org/W2070894012","https://openalex.org/W2071711406","https://openalex.org/W2072847751","https://openalex.org/W2076272996","https://openalex.org/W2077318189","https://openalex.org/W2081388193","https://openalex.org/W2084061341","https://openalex.org/W2085557549","https://openalex.org/W2085610352","https://openalex.org/W2094536337","https://openalex.org/W2095553958","https://openalex.org/W2095863623","https://openalex.org/W2098484435","https://openalex.org/W2101366013","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2107723191","https://openalex.org/W2107889406","https://openalex.org/W2125737384","https://openalex.org/W2131540041","https://openalex.org/W2132364745","https://openalex.org/W2134948657","https://openalex.org/W2137538652","https://openalex.org/W2138102405","https://openalex.org/W2138985406","https://openalex.org/W2144888658","https://openalex.org/W2159401492","https://openalex.org/W2161076501","https://openalex.org/W2163685210","https://openalex.org/W2324392187","https://openalex.org/W2492294785","https://openalex.org/W3136392122","https://openalex.org/W4231259605","https://openalex.org/W4240472059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063459216","https://openalex.org/W1521181555","https://openalex.org/W2943324281","https://openalex.org/W2589050494","https://openalex.org/W2041918423","https://openalex.org/W2339873829","https://openalex.org/W2034258955","https://openalex.org/W2888156996","https://openalex.org/W4297799143","https://openalex.org/W2024000544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"on":[1],"diversity":[2],"in":[3,135,165],"higher":[4],"education":[5],"has":[6],"evolved":[7],"to":[8,94,109,144,150,175],"consider":[9],"the":[10,21,48,107,153],"nature":[11],"of":[12,34,76,82,99,117,122],"interracial":[13,39],"contact":[14],"and":[15,38,46,54,62,67,89,96,101,163,172],"campus":[16],"climate":[17],"as":[18,20,114],"well":[19],"factors":[22],"that":[23,140],"may":[24],"foster":[25],"meaningful":[26],"interactions.":[27],"While":[28],"some":[29],"studies":[30],"have":[31],"explored":[32,106],"predictors":[33,98],"cross-racial":[35],"interaction":[36],"(CRI)":[37],"friendship":[40],"(IRF),":[41],"it":[42],"remains":[43],"unclear":[44],"whether":[45],"how":[47],"same":[49],"precollege":[50],"characteristics,":[51],"institutional":[52,161,173],"attributes,":[53],"collegiate":[55],"experiences":[56],"might":[57],"predict":[58],"both":[59],"casual":[60],"encounters":[61],"close":[63],"friendships":[64],"across":[65],"race":[66],"ethnicity.":[68],"This":[69],"study":[70],"used":[71],"a":[72,115],"four-year,":[73],"longitudinal":[74],"sample":[75],"2,932":[77],"undergraduates\u2014-with":[78],"approximately":[79],"equal":[80],"numbers":[81],"Asian":[83],"American/Pacific":[84],"Islander,":[85],"Black/African":[86],"American,":[87],"Hispanic/Latino,":[88],"White/Caucasian":[90],"students\u2014-at":[91],"28":[92],"institutions":[93],"compare":[95],"contrast":[97],"CRI":[100,128,145],"IRF.":[102,151],"Subgroup":[103],"analyses":[104,126],"also":[105,147],"extent":[108],"which":[110],"these":[111],"relationships":[112],"vary":[113],"function":[116],"students'":[118],"race/ethnicity.":[119],"The":[120],"results":[121,154],"hierarchical":[123],"linear":[124],"modeling":[125],"predicting":[127,133],"diverge":[129],"considerably":[130],"from":[131],"those":[132],"IRF;":[134],"fact,":[136],"several":[137],"independent":[138],"variables":[139],"are":[141,146,180],"positively":[142],"related":[143,149],"negatively":[148],"Moreover,":[152],"differ":[155],"frequently":[156],"by":[157],"race/ethnicity,":[158],"particularly":[159],"for":[160,169],"characteristics":[162],"participation":[164],"student":[166],"organizations.":[167],"Implications":[168],"future":[170],"research":[171],"efforts":[174],"promote":[176],"diverse":[177],"learning":[178],"environments":[179],"discussed.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}