{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013699271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","title":"Estimating Subgrade Stiffness and Bedrock Depth: Combined Falling Weight Deflectometer and Simplified Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Measurements","display_name":"Estimating Subgrade Stiffness and Bedrock Depth: Combined Falling Weight Deflectometer and Simplified Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Measurements","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013699271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","mag":"2013699271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3141/1716-05","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049847024","display_name":"Marwan F. Aouad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-3862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-3862"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwan F. Aouad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Olson Engineering, Inc., 5191 Ward Road, Suite 1, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Olson Engineering, Inc., 5191 Ward Road, Suite 1, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112640599","display_name":"Kenneth H. Stokoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3616-8676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3616-8676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth H. Stokoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053173620","display_name":"Sung-Ho Joh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5630-3973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5630-3973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Ho Joh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Ang University, An Sung-Gun, KyungKi-Do, S. Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Ang University, An Sung-Gun, KyungKi-Do, S. Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87039357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"1716","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.5034000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.5034000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.2345999926328659,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgrade-stiffness","display_name":"subgrade stiffness","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-to-bedrock","display_name":"bedrock depth","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves","display_name":"spectral analysis of surface waves","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falling-weight-deflectometer","display_name":"falling weight deflectometer","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexible-pavement","display_name":"flexible pavement","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplified-procedure","display_name":"simplified procedure","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/back-calculation","display_name":"back-calculation","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pavement-profile","display_name":"pavement profile","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182377489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337829","display_name":"Subgrade","level":2,"score":0.8992990851402283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432395","display_name":"Falling weight deflectometer","level":3,"score":0.8274989724159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.6719420552253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.622646689414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5532835125923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5119953751564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.437965989112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4245883524417877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42000848054885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16136077046394348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3141/1716-05","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3141/1716-05","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308144","display_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ky21x08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91080104","https://openalex.org/W605592219","https://openalex.org/W618568205","https://openalex.org/W1512212171","https://openalex.org/W1572321227","https://openalex.org/W1623876921","https://openalex.org/W1675333848","https://openalex.org/W1755987467","https://openalex.org/W1769635570","https://openalex.org/W1964695533","https://openalex.org/W2048712940","https://openalex.org/W2049880740","https://openalex.org/W2126231226","https://openalex.org/W2148385613","https://openalex.org/W2516321972","https://openalex.org/W2613363755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W641228242","https://openalex.org/W569248239","https://openalex.org/W2148385613","https://openalex.org/W654864795","https://openalex.org/W1850586979","https://openalex.org/W230589744","https://openalex.org/W2080260552","https://openalex.org/W2323522104","https://openalex.org/W580760252","https://openalex.org/W2949217244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29,68,118,193,218],"spectral":[1],"analysis":[2],"of":[3,19,22,31,45,55,93,112,135,152,156,205,241],"surface":[4,33,50],"waves":[5],"(SASW)":[6],"method":[7],"is":[8,15,81,86,121,166],"an":[9,90],"in":[10,41,59,132,178,214],"situ":[11],"seismic":[12],"technique":[13],"that":[14,167],"used":[16,107,235],"for":[17,61,88,108,149,201,239],"evaluation":[18],"the":[20,32,42,46,49,62,94,102,110,133,150,154,157,172,187,197,215,230,242],"stiffnesses":[21],"pavement":[23,63,116,130,147],"systems":[24],"at":[25,127],"low":[26],"strain":[27],"levels.":[28],"stiffness":[30,96,220],"layer":[34,51],"can":[35,72,105,175,233],"be":[36,66,73,106,176,234],"determined":[37,228],"by":[38,229],"direct":[39],"measurements":[40,169,185],"field.":[43],"Stiffnesses":[44],"layers":[47],"beneath":[48,115],"require":[52],"forward":[53,69,99],"modeling":[54,70],"SASW":[56,124,168,202],"field":[57],"data":[58],"order":[60],"profile":[64],"to":[65,223],"obtained.":[67],"process":[71],"time":[74],"consuming,":[75],"especially":[76],"if":[77],"a":[78,191],"three-dimensional":[79],"model":[80],"used.":[82],"A":[83],"simplified":[84,103,173,216,231],"procedure":[85,104,120,158,174,232,244],"proposed":[87],"determining":[89,109],"average":[91],"value":[92],"subgrade":[95,219],"without":[97],"performing":[98],"modeling.":[100],"Additionally,":[101],"depth":[111,222],"shallow":[113],"bedrock":[114,224],"sites.":[117],"recommended":[119,213],"based":[122],"on":[123],"tests":[125],"performed":[126,177],"24":[128],"flexible":[129,146],"sections":[131],"state":[134],"Texas.":[136],"Parametric":[137],"studies":[138],"were":[139],"also":[140],"conducted":[141],"with":[142,171,180,246],"idealized":[143],"rigid":[144],"and":[145,159,208,221],"profiles":[148],"purpose":[151],"verifying":[153],"accuracy":[155],"evaluating":[160],"its":[161],"limitations.":[162],"An":[163],"important":[164],"point":[165],"associated":[170,245],"conjunction":[179],"falling":[181],"weight":[182,189],"deflectometer":[183],"(FWD)":[184],"using":[186],"drop":[188],"as":[190,236],"source.":[192],"drop-weight":[194],"source":[195],"generates":[196],"frequency":[198],"range":[199],"required":[200],"receiver":[203],"spacings":[204],"3,":[206],"6,":[207],"9":[209],"m,":[210],"which":[211],"are":[212],"procedure.":[217],"(if":[225],"it":[226],"exists)":[227],"input":[237],"parameters":[238],"enhancement":[240],"backcalculation":[243],"FWD":[247],"measurements.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
