{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013698655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","title":"Cross\u2010cultural Validation of Models of Approaches to Learning: an application of confirmatory factor analysis","display_name":"Cross\u2010cultural Validation of Models of Approaches to Learning: an application of confirmatory factor analysis","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013698655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","mag":"2013698655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144341960160308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43525819","display_name":"Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0144-3410","issn":["0144-3410","1469-5820"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037773954","display_name":"Ngai\u2010Ying Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngai\u2010Ying Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994226","display_name":"Wen\u2010Ying Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-4332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-4332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen\u2010Ying Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110544558","display_name":"David Watkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5468-9830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5468-9830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2236,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96276479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"317","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.42289999127388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.42289999127388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.17190000414848328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.10050000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-methods","display_name":"learning methods","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-and-surface-approaches","display_name":"deep and surface approaches","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-validation","display_name":"cross-cultural validation","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-learning-strategies","display_name":"student learning strategies","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.8753999471664429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.7814912796020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7484531998634338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5756145715713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.5666944980621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168646138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11578821","display_name":"Cross-cultural","level":2,"score":0.5492619276046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5306726098060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.5180637836456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.427081435918808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.4235665202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3856963813304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.34503933787345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.34054476022720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2052398920059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.14269152283668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14074665307998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10117864608764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10058712959289551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06933325529098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144341960160308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341960160308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43525819","display_name":"Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0144-3410","issn":["0144-3410","1469-5820"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliography.ied.edu.hk:201112532va","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bibliography.ied.edu.hk:8080/washk/detail?channelid=128933&amp;searchword=id=201112532va","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064274","display_name":"Hong Kong Education Bibliographic Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/42659","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/42659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581290649","https://openalex.org/W1508056119","https://openalex.org/W1523268099","https://openalex.org/W1571998446","https://openalex.org/W1575381127","https://openalex.org/W1975912968","https://openalex.org/W1980763651","https://openalex.org/W1997888446","https://openalex.org/W2006779932","https://openalex.org/W2018201949","https://openalex.org/W2019332799","https://openalex.org/W2028699245","https://openalex.org/W2029625543","https://openalex.org/W2051429471","https://openalex.org/W2060446548","https://openalex.org/W2065592277","https://openalex.org/W2082915104","https://openalex.org/W2089828505","https://openalex.org/W2092027887","https://openalex.org/W2092885828","https://openalex.org/W2100914198","https://openalex.org/W2284031438","https://openalex.org/W2557343219","https://openalex.org/W2738073669","https://openalex.org/W2917388694","https://openalex.org/W4238217306","https://openalex.org/W4243234671","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287329606","https://openalex.org/W2110304265","https://openalex.org/W122543941","https://openalex.org/W4380901697","https://openalex.org/W7052049495","https://openalex.org/W25250207","https://openalex.org/W1972724085","https://openalex.org/W1971858229","https://openalex.org/W2140689962","https://openalex.org/W2964335722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Six":[0],"structural":[1],"equation":[2],"models":[3],"were":[4],"tested":[5],"by":[6],"analysing":[7],"responses":[8],"to":[9,55,92,97],"the":[10,39,44,48,61,64,75],"Learning":[11],"Process":[12],"Questionnaire":[13],"of":[14,17,43,50,63],"10":[15],"samples":[16],"primary":[18],"and":[19,30,52,100],"secondary":[20],"school":[21],"students":[22,78],"from":[23],"Nigeria,":[24],"Zimbabwe,":[25],"Malaysia,":[26],"Beijing,":[27],"Hong":[28],"Kong":[29],"Canada.":[31],"Confirmatory":[32],"factor":[33],"analyses":[34],"provided":[35],"general":[36],"support":[37],"for":[38],"cross\u2010cultural":[40,58],"within\u2010construct":[41],"validity":[42],"questionnaire.":[45],"As":[46],"predicted,":[47],"dimensions":[49],"deep":[51],"surface":[53],"approaches":[54],"learning":[56],"received":[57],"support,":[59],"but":[60],"positioning":[62],"achieving":[65,82],"dimension":[66],"varied":[67],"across":[68],"cultures.":[69],"This":[70],"is":[71],"in":[72],"line":[73],"with":[74],"notion":[76],"that":[77],"who":[79],"adopt":[80,85],"an":[81],"approach":[83],"will":[84,89],"different":[86],"strategies":[87],"which":[88],"be":[90],"likely":[91],"maximise":[93],"their":[94],"achievement":[95],"according":[96],"particular":[98],"course":[99],"teacher":[101],"characteristics.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
