{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013496910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","title":"The Effect of Various Factors on Standard Setting","display_name":"The Effect of Various Factors on Standard Setting","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013496910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","mag":"2013496910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30638350","display_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","issn_l":"0022-0655","issn":["0022-0655","1745-3984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005775463","display_name":"John J. Norcini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-4115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-4115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102373834","display_name":"Bryn Mawr College","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjwtp51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1296325673","display_name":"American Board of Internal Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtgnb29","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John J. Norcini","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Board of Internal Medicine","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","MBA, Drexel University","PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Board of Internal Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I72816309","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035343851","display_name":"Judy A. Shea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-4192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-4192"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102373834","display_name":"Bryn Mawr College","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjwtp51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1296325673","display_name":"American Board of Internal Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtgnb29","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judy A. Shea","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Board of Internal Medicine","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","MBA, Drexel University","PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Board of Internal Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I72816309","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062889607","display_name":"D. Theresa Kanya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102373834","display_name":"Bryn Mawr College","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjwtp51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1296325673","display_name":"American Board of Internal Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtgnb29","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Theresa Kanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Board of Internal Medicine","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","MBA, Drexel University","PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Board of Internal Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees . BA, La Salle College; PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization : educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : MS, Utah State University; PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations : IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees : BS, Temple University; MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I72816309","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Psychometrics, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees. BA, La Salle College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBA, Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Bryn Mawr College. Specialization: educational measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, The Pennsylvania State University. Specializations: IRT, standard setting","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychometrician, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: MS, Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Editor and Associate for Test Development, American Board of Internal Medicine, 3624 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-2675. Degrees: BS, Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005775463"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834","https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1296325673","https://openalex.org/I130769515","https://openalex.org/I72816309","https://openalex.org/I84392919"],"apc_list":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5496,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94755635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13853","display_name":"Teacher Education and Assessments","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-setting","display_name":"standard setting","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angoff-method","display_name":"Angoff method","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-opinion","display_name":"expert opinion","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-data","display_name":"performance data","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-difficulty-distribution","display_name":"item difficulty distribution","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pass-fail-decisions","display_name":"pass/fail decisions","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-values","display_name":"p-values","score":0.7369999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6231611967086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48870351910591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4348088502883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4016685485839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34406691789627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3377997577190399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14854779839515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1988.tb00291.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30638350","display_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","issn_l":"0022-0655","issn":["0022-0655","1745-3984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193353215","https://openalex.org/W207159623","https://openalex.org/W599487939","https://openalex.org/W1977178525","https://openalex.org/W1996829812","https://openalex.org/W2021758513","https://openalex.org/W2042636230","https://openalex.org/W2053203354","https://openalex.org/W2089354894","https://openalex.org/W2132968059","https://openalex.org/W2994316891","https://openalex.org/W4254572470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028254282","https://openalex.org/W1549504575","https://openalex.org/W301892227","https://openalex.org/W2094194747","https://openalex.org/W1562257956","https://openalex.org/W4402588557","https://openalex.org/W122805269","https://openalex.org/W2122010535","https://openalex.org/W2921067003","https://openalex.org/W2004137504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,36],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"two":[3],"studies":[4],"of":[5,12,29,32,43,60,63,97,112,141],"standard":[6,93],"setting":[7],"using":[8],"Angoff's":[9],"method.":[10],"Results":[11,62],"the":[13,30,33,40,64,68,76,92,95,106,123],"first":[14],"study":[15,66],"suggest":[16],"that":[17,49,70],"specialization":[18],"within":[19],"broad":[20],"content":[21],"areas":[22],"does":[23],"not":[24,87],"affect":[25],"an":[26,55,89],"expert's":[27],"estimates":[28,111],"performance":[31,71],"borderline":[34,113],"group.":[35],"is":[37,46,100],"reassuring":[38],"because":[39],"knowledge":[41],"base":[42],"many":[44],"professions":[45],"so":[47],"large":[48],"no":[50],"individual":[51],"can":[52],"be":[53,73,136],"considered":[54],"expert":[56],"in":[57,119,129],"all":[58],"aspects":[59],"it.":[61],"second":[65],"support":[67,125],"recommendation":[69],"data":[72],"provided":[74],"during":[75],"standard\u2010setting":[77,130],"process.":[78],"They":[79],"are":[80],"frequently":[81],"used":[82],"by":[83],"experts,":[84],"but":[85,132],"will":[86],"have":[88],"impact":[90],"on":[91],"unless":[94],"distribution":[96],"item":[98],"difficulties":[99],"skewed":[101],"markedly.":[102],"It":[103],"also":[104],"increases":[105],"correspondence":[107],"between":[108],"p\u2010values":[109],"and":[110],"group":[114],"performance,":[115],"thereby":[116],"reducing":[117],"errors":[118],"pass/fail":[120],"decisions.":[121],"Overall,":[122],"results":[124],"recommendations":[126],"often":[127],"made":[128],"literature,":[131],"they":[133],"need":[134],"to":[135],"replicated":[137],"with":[138],"other":[139],"groups":[140],"experts":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}