{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013457136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","title":"The Surface Tension of Solids","display_name":"The Surface Tension of Solids","publication_year":1950,"publication_date":"1950-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013457136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","mag":"2013457136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230229","display_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society Section A","issn_l":"0370-1298","issn":["0370-1298","1747-3829"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2013457136"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R Shuttleworth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R Shuttleworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["H. H. Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"H. H. Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1153,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83274648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"5","first_page":"444","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13604","display_name":"Adsorption, diffusion, and thermodynamic properties of materials","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13604","display_name":"Adsorption, diffusion, and thermodynamic properties of materials","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13531","display_name":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12202","display_name":"nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"surface tension","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-energy","display_name":"surface energy","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helmholtz-free-energy","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-surfaces","display_name":"crystal surfaces","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-angle","display_name":"contact angle","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kelvin-equation","display_name":"Kelvin equation","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curved-surfaces","display_name":"curved surfaces","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-surface-tension","display_name":"negative surface tension","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkali-halide-crystals","display_name":"alkali halide crystals","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hoop-stress","display_name":"hoop stress","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8892853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170749","display_name":"Surface tension","level":2,"score":0.7565978765487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27592594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865821","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","level":2,"score":0.6749972701072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102701049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901959","display_name":"Specific surface energy","level":3,"score":0.6273057460784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72939318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646023","display_name":"Surface stress","level":3,"score":0.6040014028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186068551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13255585","display_name":"Tension (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5764942169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5725194811820984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.516649067401886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4979119300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4913910925388336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901959","display_name":"Surface energy","level":2,"score":0.4735276699066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9358284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759756","display_name":"Body force","level":2,"score":0.42811012268066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4218318462371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.347578227519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2324357032775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.21127185225486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1772940456867218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1668890118598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10717198252677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230229","display_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society Section A","issn_l":"0370-1298","issn":["0370-1298","1747-3829"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0370-1298/63/5/302/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230229","display_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society Section A","issn_l":"0370-1298","issn":["0370-1298","1747-3829"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2013457136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2013457136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258816332","https://openalex.org/W1598669940","https://openalex.org/W1967417957","https://openalex.org/W1985925382","https://openalex.org/W1990896214","https://openalex.org/W2016110462","https://openalex.org/W2021987842","https://openalex.org/W2022846310","https://openalex.org/W2047519664","https://openalex.org/W2068688137","https://openalex.org/W2081277744","https://openalex.org/W2083909553","https://openalex.org/W2090203496","https://openalex.org/W2095016151","https://openalex.org/W2157283424","https://openalex.org/W2167536029","https://openalex.org/W2199144780","https://openalex.org/W2291708310","https://openalex.org/W2333598814","https://openalex.org/W4212902867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W190733313","https://openalex.org/W136272063","https://openalex.org/W2045884528","https://openalex.org/W2094710897","https://openalex.org/W1985607979","https://openalex.org/W4234073170","https://openalex.org/W4247818245","https://openalex.org/W4238112519","https://openalex.org/W2046438653","https://openalex.org/W4231927969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,86,93],"distinction":[1],"is":[2,20,38,73,94,116,134,217],"made":[3],"between":[4,177,223],"the":[5,13,21,35,39,47,64,76,81,95,98,113,120,137,143,146,152,156,165,170,173,178,221],"surface":[6,14,18,29,36,48,67,77,104,114,121,128,138,166,186,199,208],"Helmholtz":[7],"free":[8,78,105,139],"energy":[9,19,79,106,140],"F":[10,84],",":[11],"and":[12,107,132,150,190,201],"tension":[15,37,68,108,115,167],"\u03b3.":[16],"The":[17,66,123,185,207],"work":[22],"necessary":[23],"to":[24,75,119,204,219],"form":[25],"unit":[26,44],"area":[27,96],"of":[28,33,69,97,127,160,181,188,210],"by":[30,56,60,80],"a":[31,70,101,182],"process":[32],"division:":[34],"tangential":[40],"stress":[41,51],"(force":[42],"per":[43],"length)":[45],"in":[46,63,142,151,169,175],"layer;":[49],"this":[50],"must":[52],"be":[53,205],"balanced":[54],"either":[55],"external":[57],"forces":[58],"or":[59],"volume":[61],"stresses":[62],"body.":[65],"crystal":[71],"face":[72],"related":[74],"relation":[82],"\u03b3=":[83],"+":[85],"(":[87],"dF":[88],"/":[89],"dA":[90],"),":[91],"where":[92],"surface.":[99,184],"For":[100,111],"one-component":[102],"liquid,":[103],"are":[109,130,193,202,213,226],"equal.":[110],"crystals":[112,192,212],"not":[117,227],"equal":[118],"energy.":[122],"standard":[124],"thermodynamic":[125],"formulae":[126],"physics":[129],"reviewed,":[131],"it":[133,216],"found":[135,203],"that":[136,164,225],"appears":[141,168],"expression":[144,154,171],"for":[145,155,172,197],"equilibrium":[147],"contact":[148],"angle,":[149],"Kelvin":[153],"excess":[157],"vapour":[158],"pressure":[159,176],"small":[161],"drops,":[162],"but":[163],"difference":[174],"two":[179],"sides":[180],"curved":[183],"tensions":[187,209],"inert-gas":[189],"alkali-halide":[191],"calculated":[194],"from":[195],"expressions":[196],"their":[198],"energies":[200],"negative.":[206],"homopolar":[211],"zero":[214],"if":[215],"possible":[218],"neglect":[220],"interaction":[222],"atoms":[224],"nearest":[228],"neighbours.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":42}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
