{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013434436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","title":"Proton MRS in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Role for Glutamate/Glutamine and Choline for Outcome Prediction","display_name":"Proton MRS in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Role for Glutamate/Glutamine and Choline for Outcome Prediction","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013434436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","mag":"2013434436","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/0897715042664911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85864898","display_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","issn_l":"0897-7151","issn":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071970937","display_name":"Lori Shutter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-0628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-0628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92156820","display_name":"University of Cincinnati Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02p72h367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92156820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lori Shutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92156820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111453196","display_name":"Karen A. Tong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293502524","display_name":"Loma Linda University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03et1qs84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293502524"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen A. Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293502524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109918252","display_name":"Barbara A. Holshouser","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293502524","display_name":"Loma Linda University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03et1qs84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293502524"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara A. Holshouser","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293502524"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8203,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":141,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92506031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"1693","last_page":"1705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.3019999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1h-nmr-spectroscopy","display_name":"1H NMR","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"acute traumatic brain injury","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate-glutamine","display_name":"glutamate/glutamine","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/choline","display_name":"choline","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognosis-prediction","display_name":"outcome prediction","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-outcome","display_name":"neurological outcome","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitotoxicity","display_name":"excitotoxicity","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffuse-axonal-injury","display_name":"diffuse axonal injury","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somatosensory-evoked-potentials","display_name":"somatosensory evoked potentials","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glasgow-coma-scale","display_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-appearing-brain","display_name":"normal-appearing brain","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17624336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461644","display_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","level":2,"score":0.7611437439918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781123555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193166","display_name":"Choline","level":2,"score":0.6926561594009399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.6798677444458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779349466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181619","display_name":"Glutamine","level":3,"score":0.6522117853164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61174792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420510","display_name":"Glutamate receptor","level":3,"score":0.610213041305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.544370710849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.46554622054100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777796830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529519","display_name":"Glasgow Outcome Scale","level":3,"score":0.4333893656730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775855016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2658686","display_name":"Diffuse axonal injury","level":3,"score":0.4286607801914215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.34262073040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.2746225595474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11203205585479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10280191898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0964718759059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001224","descriptor_name":"Aspartic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001224","descriptor_name":"Aspartic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001930","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001930","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002794","descriptor_name":"Choline","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003404","descriptor_name":"Creatinine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005073","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005973","descriptor_name":"Glutamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007294","descriptor_name":"Inositol","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009682","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018698","descriptor_name":"Glutamic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023261","descriptor_name":"Glasgow Outcome Scale","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/0897715042664911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/0897715042664911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85864898","display_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","issn_l":"0897-7151","issn":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2004.21.1693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2004.21.1693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85864898","display_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","issn_l":"0897-7151","issn":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurotrauma","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15684761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of neurotrauma","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310839","display_name":"Loma Linda University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bj28v14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552654146","https://openalex.org/W1575460937","https://openalex.org/W1730237872","https://openalex.org/W1965352548","https://openalex.org/W1971233715","https://openalex.org/W1976928781","https://openalex.org/W1977588080","https://openalex.org/W1984597910","https://openalex.org/W1988567232","https://openalex.org/W1989590529","https://openalex.org/W1992054973","https://openalex.org/W1993147821","https://openalex.org/W1994712329","https://openalex.org/W1995824684","https://openalex.org/W1996929461","https://openalex.org/W2004405424","https://openalex.org/W2005560590","https://openalex.org/W2020819780","https://openalex.org/W2038979894","https://openalex.org/W2049708114","https://openalex.org/W2057678773","https://openalex.org/W2070134617","https://openalex.org/W2078147954","https://openalex.org/W2094411116","https://openalex.org/W2108302150","https://openalex.org/W2110013817","https://openalex.org/W2119021669","https://openalex.org/W2155671692","https://openalex.org/W2164254780","https://openalex.org/W2312597082","https://openalex.org/W2413989972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083480033","https://openalex.org/W1965815761","https://openalex.org/W2004346447","https://openalex.org/W2094411116","https://openalex.org/W2386229650","https://openalex.org/W2004405424","https://openalex.org/W2804066465","https://openalex.org/W2020819780","https://openalex.org/W2126394784","https://openalex.org/W2145179602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proton":[0],"magnetic":[1],"resonance":[2],"spectroscopy":[3,195],"(MRS)":[4],"is":[5,196],"being":[6],"used":[7,84],"to":[8,69,87,93,224],"evaluate":[9],"individuals":[10],"with":[11,31,102,135,147,153,217],"acute":[12],"traumatic":[13],"brain":[14,25],"injury":[15,47,78,132,188,209,215],"and":[16,48,92,117,126,141,150,181,189,213],"several":[17],"studies":[18,40],"have":[19,41,50],"shown":[20],"that":[21,114],"changes":[22,73],"in":[23,79,100,123,133,176],"certain":[24],"metabolites":[26],"(N-acetylaspartate,":[27],"choline)":[28],"are":[29,183],"associated":[30,216],"poor":[32,136,192],"neurologic":[33,90],"outcomes.":[34,111,139],"The":[35],"majority":[36],"of":[37,54,64,109,187,191,206,214],"previous":[38],"MRS":[39,62,96,174],"been":[42],"obtained":[43],"relatively":[44],"late":[45],"after":[46,77,131,199],"none":[49],"examined":[51],"the":[52,154,161],"role":[53],"glutamate/":[55],"glutamine":[56],"(Glx).":[57],"We":[58,83,112],"conducted":[59],"a":[60,204],"prospective":[61],"study":[63],"42":[65],"severely":[66],"injured":[67],"adults":[68],"measure":[70],"quantitative":[71],"metabolite":[72],"early":[74,130,198,207],"(7":[75],"days)":[76],"normal":[80],"appearing":[81],"brain.":[82],"these":[85],"findings":[86],"predict":[88],"long-term":[89,110,137,145],"outcome":[91,104,146,193],"determine":[94],"if":[95],"data":[97,175],"alone":[98],"or":[99],"combination":[101],"clinical":[103],"variables":[105],"provided":[106,160],"better":[107],"prediction":[108],"found":[113],"glutamate/glutamine":[115],"(Glx)":[116],"choline":[118],"(Cho)":[119],"were":[120,169],"significantly":[121],"elevated":[122,211],"occipital":[124],"gray":[125],"parietal":[127],"white":[128],"matter":[129],"patients":[134],"(6-12-month)":[138],"Glx":[140,180],"Cho":[142,182],"ratios":[143],"predicted":[144],"94%":[148],"accuracy":[149,164],"when":[151,194],"combined":[152],"motor":[155],"Glasgow":[156],"Coma":[157],"Scale":[158],"score":[159],"highest":[162],"predictive":[163],"(97%).":[165],"Somatosensory":[166],"evoked":[167],"potentials":[168],"not":[170],"as":[171,173],"accurate":[172],"predicting":[177],"outcome.":[178],"Elevated":[179],"more":[184],"sensitive":[185],"indicators":[186],"predictors":[190],"done":[197],"injury.":[200,227],"This":[201],"may":[202],"be":[203],"reflection":[205],"excitotoxic":[208],"(i.e.,":[210,220],"Glx)":[212],"membrane":[218],"disruption":[219],"increased":[221],"Cho)":[222],"secondary":[223],"diffuse":[225],"axonal":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
