{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013370970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","title":"Time-resolved spectroscopy and the determination of photon scattering, pathlength, and brain vascular hemoglobin saturation in a population of normal volunteers","display_name":"Time-resolved spectroscopy and the determination of photon scattering, pathlength, and brain vascular hemoglobin saturation in a population of normal volunteers","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013370970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","mag":"2013370970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.154671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David S. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027908355","display_name":"Warren J. Levy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warren J. Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037463838","display_name":"S. Carter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"NaiGuang Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"NaiGuang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072832570","display_name":"Munetaka Haida","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Haida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112728827","display_name":"Britton Chance","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Britton Chance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3691,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92618224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"1888","issue":null,"first_page":"511","last_page":"516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-resolved-spectroscopy","display_name":"time-resolved spectroscopy","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-scattering","display_name":"photon scattering","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontal-cortex","display_name":"frontal cortex","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-individual-variability","display_name":"interindividual variability","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-absorption","display_name":"optical absorption","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin-levels","display_name":"hemoglobin levels","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.6351291537284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9930424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5857704877853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5747919678688049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.5733623504638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.5526382327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.47520503401756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4380333721637726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120456961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Light scattering","level":3,"score":0.4368998110294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4365176558494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43170422315597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.4276091158390045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42106005549430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16425365209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.06674295663833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06422093510627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.154671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096944506","https://openalex.org/W2027601695","https://openalex.org/W2092582462","https://openalex.org/W2070705310","https://openalex.org/W2143712739","https://openalex.org/W1994078475","https://openalex.org/W2061556571","https://openalex.org/W2030426258","https://openalex.org/W2748345231","https://openalex.org/W316160305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Determining":[0],"the":[1,24,71,84,101,124,128,135,143,153],"relationship":[2],"between":[3],"light":[4,61],"absorption":[5],"and":[6,34,43,67,95,109,123,163,169],"chromophore":[7],"concentration":[8],"in":[9,88,106,127],"brain":[10,44],"is":[11],"complicated":[12],"by":[13,64],"photon":[14],"scattering,":[15,41],"which":[16],"makes":[17],"it":[18],"difficult":[19],"to":[20,38,146,171],"determine":[21,39,147],"pathlength.":[22],"In":[23],"current":[25],"study":[26],"we":[27],"apply":[28],"newly":[29],"developed":[30],"phase":[31,89],"modulation":[32],"(PMS)":[33],"time-resolved":[35],"(TRS)":[36],"spectrometers":[37],"tissue":[40],"pathlength":[42,126,164],"vascular":[45],"hemoglobin":[46,131,179],"saturation":[47,155],"(BVH).":[48],"PMS":[49,85,144],"measurements":[50,74,114],"were":[51,75,91,132],"made":[52,115],"from":[53,134],"both":[54,161],"frontal":[55],"cortices":[56],"of":[57,119,130,178],"36":[58],"adults":[59],"using":[60],"guides":[62],"separated":[63],"4":[65],"cm":[66,80],"tightly":[68],"placed":[69],"against":[70],"forehead.":[72],"TRS":[73,136],"done":[76],"with":[77,142],"a":[78,117],"5":[79],"probe":[81],"separation.":[82],"For":[83,99],"measurements,":[86],"changes":[87],"shift":[90],"detected":[92],"at":[93,116],"754":[94],"816":[96],"nm":[97,105],"wavelengths.":[98],"TRS,":[100],"wavelength":[102,118],"was":[103,140,156],"670":[104],"all":[107],"subjects,":[108],"some":[110],"subjects":[111],"had":[112],"additional":[113],"820":[120],"nm.":[121],"Scattering":[122],"extrapolated":[125],"absence":[129],"determined":[133,174],"data.":[137],"This":[138,159],"information":[139],"combined":[141],"data":[145],"BVH.":[148],"The":[149],"coefficient":[150],"variation":[151],"for":[152,175],"calculated":[154],"only":[157],"0.04.":[158],"suggests":[160],"scattering":[162],"have":[165],"significant":[166],"intersubject":[167],"variability":[168],"need":[170],"be":[172],"explicitly":[173],"appropriate":[176],"calculation":[177],"saturation.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
