{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013354609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","title":"Prenatal Smoking Exposure and Dopaminergic Genotypes Interact to Cause a Severe ADHD Subtype","display_name":"Prenatal Smoking Exposure and Dopaminergic Genotypes Interact to Cause a Severe ADHD Subtype","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013354609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","mag":"2013354609","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205482884","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry","issn_l":"0006-3223","issn":["0006-3223","1873-2402"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109058347","display_name":"Rosalind J. Neuman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rosalind J. Neuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. roz@gretta.wustl.edu","Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. roz@gretta.wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035835162","display_name":"Elizabeth A. Lobos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Lobos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064722299","display_name":"Wendy Reich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy Reich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061962442","display_name":"Cynthia A. Henderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia A. Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071655032","display_name":"Lingwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3438-6584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3438-6584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling-Wei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111894401","display_name":"Richard D. Todd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard D. Todd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109058347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":5489,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5489},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.4273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":285,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99409722,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"12","first_page":"1320","last_page":"1328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-smoking-exposure","display_name":"prenatal smoking exposure","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adhd-subtypes","display_name":"ADHD subtypes","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopamine-transporter-gene","display_name":"dopamine transporter gene","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-environment-interaction","display_name":"gene-environment interaction","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-drug-exposure","display_name":"prenatal drug exposure","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-susceptibility","display_name":"genetic susceptibility","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twin-pairs","display_name":"twin pairs","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combined-subtype","display_name":"combined subtype","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.7165327072143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.5886702537536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5634837746620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.5494474768638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4933373034000397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.4451194107532501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3591417670249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.27874279022216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.26590263843536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23756644129753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.09314975142478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009434","descriptor_name":"Neural Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011110","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Genetic","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011297","descriptor_name":"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012720","descriptor_name":"Severity of Illness Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014427","descriptor_name":"Twins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039721","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050483","descriptor_name":"Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050638","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Dopamine D4","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205482884","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry","issn_l":"0006-3223","issn":["0006-3223","1873-2402"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17157268","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2045138149","display_name":"Genetic Epidemiology of ADHD","funder_award_id":"R01MH052813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3946300329","display_name":"Mutation Screening of ADHD","funder_award_id":"R01NS043762","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5816935168","display_name":"Mutation Screening of Nicotine and Alcohol Dependence","funder_award_id":"R01AA013640","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575347202","https://openalex.org/W1209980950","https://openalex.org/W1498625688","https://openalex.org/W1542676884","https://openalex.org/W1730181129","https://openalex.org/W1765677081","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1974446618","https://openalex.org/W1978711969","https://openalex.org/W1978999964","https://openalex.org/W1984463151","https://openalex.org/W1986425029","https://openalex.org/W1991162197","https://openalex.org/W1992041156","https://openalex.org/W1995780438","https://openalex.org/W2010604180","https://openalex.org/W2015558657","https://openalex.org/W2017629773","https://openalex.org/W2021075100","https://openalex.org/W2028431671","https://openalex.org/W2034222019","https://openalex.org/W2042921657","https://openalex.org/W2049667989","https://openalex.org/W2050461631","https://openalex.org/W2057055290","https://openalex.org/W2060930000","https://openalex.org/W2062403124","https://openalex.org/W2065938665","https://openalex.org/W2066175935","https://openalex.org/W2068145071","https://openalex.org/W2071027356","https://openalex.org/W2072240683","https://openalex.org/W2083217607","https://openalex.org/W2084675107","https://openalex.org/W2086850736","https://openalex.org/W2095325159","https://openalex.org/W2098140414","https://openalex.org/W2100774251","https://openalex.org/W2102517810","https://openalex.org/W2103934327","https://openalex.org/W2109510425","https://openalex.org/W2111336014","https://openalex.org/W2112246310","https://openalex.org/W2125347442","https://openalex.org/W2129527517","https://openalex.org/W2139402161","https://openalex.org/W2140009084","https://openalex.org/W2143705681","https://openalex.org/W2145441163","https://openalex.org/W2147561964","https://openalex.org/W2148011574","https://openalex.org/W2150825798","https://openalex.org/W2155776546","https://openalex.org/W2155877943","https://openalex.org/W2156275343","https://openalex.org/W2156390139","https://openalex.org/W2156813023","https://openalex.org/W2162665706","https://openalex.org/W2164578308","https://openalex.org/W2169858234","https://openalex.org/W2171173131","https://openalex.org/W2329806998","https://openalex.org/W2399394960","https://openalex.org/W2464694097","https://openalex.org/W2987283907","https://openalex.org/W3146174752","https://openalex.org/W4237849203","https://openalex.org/W6628242128","https://openalex.org/W6666896815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001430517","https://openalex.org/W2100729371","https://openalex.org/W2052135198","https://openalex.org/W2170362262","https://openalex.org/W4237363601","https://openalex.org/W2013398413","https://openalex.org/W2921812615","https://openalex.org/W2105155310","https://openalex.org/W2150143908","https://openalex.org/W2098140414"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
