{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013333733","doi":null,"title":"Growth in Cities","display_name":"Growth in Cities","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013333733","mag":"2013333733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2013333733","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w3787.pdf?abstractid=258503&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w3787.pdf?abstractid=258503&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113890882","display_name":"Edward L. Glaeser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-4232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-4232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115283149","display_name":"Brookings Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/04aj4sh46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115283149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward L. Glaeser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookings Institution","Harvard University - Department of Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookings Institution","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115283149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047523773","display_name":"H\u00e9di Kallal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9di Kallal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Salomon Smith Barney Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Salomon Smith Barney Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110738909","display_name":"Jose Alexandre Scheinkman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Scheinkman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University - Department of Economics","Columbia University","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110890240","display_name":"Andrei Shleifer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Shleifer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University - Department of Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":141,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-economic-growth","display_name":"urban economic growth","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-spillovers","display_name":"knowledge spillovers","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-spillovers","display_name":"technology spillovers","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-competition","display_name":"local competition","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-specialization","display_name":"regional specialization","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cities","display_name":"cities","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3690040","display_name":"Romer","level":2,"score":0.9177966117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.7624881267547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.7601380944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7035872936248779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.559291660785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190430219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576355","display_name":"Endogenous growth theory","level":3,"score":0.44613486528396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991968081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Growth theory","level":2,"score":0.42064887285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41955411434173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.18832674622535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.1870439052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1572439968585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1570053994655609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2013333733","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w3787.pdf?abstractid=258503&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2013333733","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w3787.pdf?abstractid=258503&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.428600013256073,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098572370","https://openalex.org/W2615513976","https://openalex.org/W2022258744","https://openalex.org/W2076760596","https://openalex.org/W2806617991","https://openalex.org/W2383225840","https://openalex.org/W2181748837","https://openalex.org/W2785486735","https://openalex.org/W7099573542","https://openalex.org/W2338885132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"theories":[1,109],"of":[2,17,43,53,64,110],"economic":[3],"growth,":[4],"including":[5],"Romer":[6],"(1986),":[7],"Porter":[8],"(1989)":[9],"and":[10,73,80],"Jacobs":[11,111],"(1969),":[12],"have":[13],"stressed":[14],"the":[15,41,62,108],"role":[16],"technological":[18],"spillovers":[19,26,98],"in":[20,30,45,67,90],"generating":[21],"growth.":[22],"Because":[23],"such":[24],"knowledge":[25,97],"are":[27],"particularly":[28],"effective":[29],"cities,":[31],"where":[32],"communication":[33],"between":[34,71],"people":[35],"is":[36],"more":[37],"extensive,":[38],"data":[39,59],"on":[40,61],"growth":[42,63,89],"industries":[44,66],"different":[46],"cities":[47,70],"allows":[48],"us":[49],"to":[50],"test":[51],"some":[52],"these":[54],"theories.":[55],"Using":[56],"a":[57],"new":[58],"set":[60],"large":[65],"170":[68],"U.S.":[69],"1956":[72],"1987,":[74],"we":[75],"find":[76],"that":[77,95],"local":[78],"competition":[79],"urban":[81],"variety,":[82],"but":[83],"not":[84],"regional":[85],"specialization,":[86],"encourage":[87],"employment":[88],"industries.":[91],"The":[92],"evidence":[93],"suggests":[94],"important":[96],"might":[99],"be":[100],"between,":[101],"rather":[102],"than":[103],"within":[104],"industries,":[105],"consistent":[106],"with":[107],"(1969).":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}