{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013246900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","title":"Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence.","display_name":"Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013246900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","mag":"2013246900","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10892201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069019644","display_name":"Joseph Lee Rodgers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-6713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-6713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Lee Rodgers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA. jrodgers@ou.edu","U Oklahoma, Dept of Psychology, Norman, OK, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA. jrodgers@ou.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Oklahoma, Dept of Psychology, Norman, OK, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110868765","display_name":"H. Harrington Cleveland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Harrington Cleveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Development and Family Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Development and Family Studies","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019911642","display_name":"Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-4405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-4405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin van den Oord","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht university >  >  >  >"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht university >  >  >  >","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012408373","display_name":"David Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-2653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-2653"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David C. Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":255,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97932136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"6","first_page":"599","last_page":"612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.61080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.61080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.3617999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.02239999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-order","display_name":"birth order","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-size","display_name":"family size","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence","display_name":"intelligence","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-longitudinal-survey-of-youth","display_name":"National Longitudinal Survey of Youth","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-critique","display_name":"methodological critique","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779209633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914808","display_name":"Birth order","level":3,"score":0.7173105478286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5896108746528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5798814296722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.41136348247528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.360567569732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.24506118893623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.16568458080291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14466562867164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001722","descriptor_name":"Birth Order","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009035","descriptor_name":"Mothers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009679","descriptor_name":"Nuclear Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10892201","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10892201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American psychologist","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G63265829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 HD21973","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70042983","https://openalex.org/W628413814","https://openalex.org/W1500997115","https://openalex.org/W1967719013","https://openalex.org/W1968533332","https://openalex.org/W1969338120","https://openalex.org/W1975033759","https://openalex.org/W1980398847","https://openalex.org/W1987449027","https://openalex.org/W1987485471","https://openalex.org/W1987560287","https://openalex.org/W1990087764","https://openalex.org/W2000476728","https://openalex.org/W2004360353","https://openalex.org/W2004615840","https://openalex.org/W2005922407","https://openalex.org/W2010085222","https://openalex.org/W2013955955","https://openalex.org/W2014205069","https://openalex.org/W2019680015","https://openalex.org/W2019842998","https://openalex.org/W2029175745","https://openalex.org/W2033694011","https://openalex.org/W2038669583","https://openalex.org/W2041207826","https://openalex.org/W2055118771","https://openalex.org/W2070820629","https://openalex.org/W2075538354","https://openalex.org/W2100131173","https://openalex.org/W2104968811","https://openalex.org/W2130274073","https://openalex.org/W2140504520","https://openalex.org/W2143305292","https://openalex.org/W2330725965","https://openalex.org/W2471980229","https://openalex.org/W2615666306","https://openalex.org/W3134297495","https://openalex.org/W4234273080","https://openalex.org/W4245001589","https://openalex.org/W6602875189","https://openalex.org/W6630035798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097468914","https://openalex.org/W2129427039","https://openalex.org/W2067920352","https://openalex.org/W1996550940","https://openalex.org/W1965057770","https://openalex.org/W2026863579","https://openalex.org/W2198801961","https://openalex.org/W6963878971","https://openalex.org/W1968533332","https://openalex.org/W2015049698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hundreds":[0],"of":[1,26,45,90],"research":[2],"articles":[3],"have":[4,15,35,113],"addressed":[5,78],"the":[6,24,86,95],"relationship":[7],"between":[8,132],"birth":[9,29,133],"order":[10,134],"and":[11,61,94,135],"intelligence.":[12],"Virtually":[13],"all":[14],"used":[16],"cross-sectional":[17,41],"data,":[18,42],"which":[19],"are":[20,56,92,97],"fundamentally":[21],"flawed":[22],"in":[23,40,71,125],"assessment":[25],"within-family":[27,33,105],"(including":[28],"order)":[30],"processes.":[31,64],"Although":[32],"models":[34],"been":[36,114,138],"based":[37],"on":[38],"patterns":[39],"a":[43,72,139],"number":[44],"equally":[46],"plausible":[47],"between-family":[48,62],"explanations":[49],"also":[50],"exist.":[51],"Within-family":[52],"(preferably":[53],"intact-family)":[54],"data":[55,84],"prerequisite":[57],"for":[58],"separating":[59],"within-":[60],"causal":[63],"This":[65],"observation":[66],"reframes":[67],"an":[68],"old":[69],"issue":[70],"way":[73],"that":[74,109],"can":[75],"be":[76],"easily":[77],"by":[79],"studying":[80],"graphical":[81],"patterns.":[82],"Sibling":[83],"from":[85,101],"National":[87],"Longitudinal":[88],"Survey":[89],"Youth":[91],"evaluated,":[93],"results":[96],"compared":[98],"with":[99],"those":[100],"other":[102],"studies":[103],"using":[104],"data.":[106],"It":[107],"appears":[108],"although":[110],"low-IQ":[111,123],"parents":[112],"making":[115],"large":[116,118],"families,":[117],"families":[119],"do":[120],"not":[121],"make":[122],"children":[124],"modern":[126],"U.S.":[127],"society.":[128],"The":[129],"apparent":[130],"relation":[131],"intelligence":[136],"has":[137],"methodological":[140],"illusion.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
