{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013207685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","title":"The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide","display_name":"The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013207685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","mag":"2013207685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090686311","display_name":"Burton C. Einspruch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Burton C. Einspruch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090686311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.0902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":298,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99146443,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"257","issue":"9","first_page":"1246","last_page":"1246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12575","display_name":"Medical History and Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12575","display_name":"Medical History and Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13998","display_name":"History, Medicine, and Leadership","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12645","display_name":"European history and politics","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-doctors","display_name":"Nazi doctors","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holocaust","display_name":"Holocaust","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genocide","display_name":"genocide","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robert-jay-lifton","display_name":"Robert Jay Lifton","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentration-camps","display_name":"concentration camps","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-complicity","display_name":"physician complicity","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-medicine","display_name":"Nazi medicine","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extermination-of-jews","display_name":"extermination of Jews","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5616717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310","display_name":"Nazism","level":3,"score":0.8566293120384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204342414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41397","display_name":"Genocide","level":2,"score":0.671015739440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6599373817443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124042286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718909","display_name":"Aryan race","level":2,"score":0.63810795545578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.6361902356147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110361221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763","display_name":"The Holocaust","level":2,"score":0.5863814949989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5627033710479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121578661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318","display_name":"Nazi Germany","level":3,"score":0.5308623909950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150152722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9268","display_name":"Judaism","level":2,"score":0.5153271555900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4324703812599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167924933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328468","display_name":"Nazi concentration camps","level":4,"score":0.42609164118766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4206458628177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.39600247144699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3458600640296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1999569535255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1486349105834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12352454662322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08521842956542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08341732621192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.07651612162590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0717669427394867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090118038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408551325","https://openalex.org/W2565951145","https://openalex.org/W2099867536","https://openalex.org/W1990737686","https://openalex.org/W7030499056","https://openalex.org/W2323037180","https://openalex.org/W4402130863","https://openalex.org/W1894459512","https://openalex.org/W4388482934","https://openalex.org/W4247970262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"a":[1,46,56,64,105,111],"lexicon":[2],"were":[3],"compiled":[4],"of":[5,41,49,77,81,97,139],"the":[6,15,20,32,38,69,74,78,95,123,132,137],"greatest":[7],"inhumanities":[8],"man":[9],"has":[10],"visited":[11],"on":[12],"his":[13],"fellows,":[14],"Holocaust":[16],"would":[17],"surely":[18],"be":[19,90],"preeminent":[21],"subject.":[22],"The":[23],"Nazi":[24,101,114],"\"final":[25],"solution,\"":[26],"promulgated":[27],"in":[28,136],"January":[29],"1942":[30],"at":[31],"Wansee":[33],"Conference,":[34],"was":[35,44,62],"dedicated":[36],"to":[37,67,120],"permanent":[39],"eradication":[40],"Judaism.":[42],"It":[43],"not":[45],"conceptual":[47],"reshuffling":[48],"religious":[50],"identity":[51],"by":[52,126],"conversion":[53],"but":[54],"rather":[55],"physical":[57],"destruction.":[58],"This":[59],"genocidal":[60],"purging":[61],"deemed":[63],"necessary":[65],"program":[66],"rid":[68],"world,":[70],"and":[71,92,108,116,145],"more":[72],"specifically":[73],"Aryan":[75],"people,":[76],"genetic":[79],"reservoir":[80],"polluting":[82],"Jewish":[83],"genes.":[84],"How":[85],"this":[86],"monstrous":[87],"endeavor":[88],"could":[89],"conceived":[91],"accomplished":[93],"is":[94],"subject":[96],"Robert":[98],"Jay":[99],"Lifton'sThe":[100],"Doctors.":[102],"Dr":[103,147],"Lifton,":[104],"renowned":[106],"psychiatrist":[107],"author,":[109],"spent":[110],"decade":[112],"interviewing":[113],"doctors":[115],"concentration":[117],"camp":[118],"survivors":[119],"piece":[121],"together":[122],"horrifying":[124],"process":[125],"which":[127],"German":[128],"physicians":[129],"aided":[130],"(for":[131],"most":[133],"part":[134],"willingly)":[135],"destruction":[138],"6":[140],"million":[141],"innocent":[142],"men,":[143],"women,":[144],"children.":[146],"Lifton":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
