{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012880032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","title":"Textural and Ultrastructural Changes in Carrot Tissue as Affected by Blanching and Freezing","display_name":"Textural and Ultrastructural Changes in Carrot Tissue as Affected by Blanching and Freezing","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012880032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","mag":"2012880032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23579880","display_name":"Journal of Food Science","issn_l":"0022-1147","issn":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S.S. Roy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S.S. Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","University of Missouri, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110122080","display_name":"Timothy A. Taylor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T.A. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","University of Missouri, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081102141","display_name":"Heather L. Kramer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H.L. Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","University of Missouri, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Authors Roy, Taylor, and Kramer are with the Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept., Univ. of Missouri and with the Biological and Irrigational Engineering Dept., Utah State University. Address inquiries to author Taylor at 4105 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322\u20134105 (E-mail: [email protected] )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081102141","https://openalex.org/A5110122080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":{"value":4550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93601586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"1","first_page":"176","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10473","display_name":"Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10473","display_name":"Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14479","display_name":"Freezing and Crystallization Processes","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10650","display_name":"Food Drying and Modeling","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrot","display_name":"carrot","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blanching","display_name":"blanching","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freezing","display_name":"freezing","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-firmness","display_name":"tissue firmness","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-wall","display_name":"cell wall","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-lamella","display_name":"middle lamella","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pectin-degradation","display_name":"pectin degradation","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystal-growth","display_name":"ice crystal growth","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freezing-rate","display_name":"freezing rate","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture","display_name":"texture","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776265840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4924924","display_name":"Blanching","level":2,"score":0.9926453828811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781098093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85787439","display_name":"Softening","level":2,"score":0.877061665058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105391648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434294","display_name":"Middle lamella","level":3,"score":0.653710663318634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87555872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141316","display_name":"Ultrastructure","level":2,"score":0.650897741317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6377363204956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5559049844741821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988782748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058202","display_name":"Cell structure","level":2,"score":0.5256263613700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779553506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100252428","display_name":"Defrosting","level":3,"score":0.5129796862602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16889688","display_name":"Congelation","level":2,"score":0.49193570017814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136301237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3247568","display_name":"Lamella (surface anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.4631798565387726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.4330849349498749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125388846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325808","display_name":"Ice crystals","level":2,"score":0.42915716767311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125235067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700","display_name":"Cell wall","level":2,"score":0.35007762908935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.27746880054473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1591816544532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.14555683732032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.14202910661697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1336919367313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.08654224872589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15602.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23579880","display_name":"Journal of Food Science","issn_l":"0022-1147","issn":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968017414","https://openalex.org/W1998640492","https://openalex.org/W2010411902","https://openalex.org/W2031422509","https://openalex.org/W2070542599","https://openalex.org/W2106773635","https://openalex.org/W2239453339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998640492","https://openalex.org/W4240763843","https://openalex.org/W2010411902","https://openalex.org/W2090239660","https://openalex.org/W2003222492","https://openalex.org/W1979702040","https://openalex.org/W2028256419","https://openalex.org/W4382563578","https://openalex.org/W2090128994","https://openalex.org/W8161990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT:":[0],"The":[1],"impact":[2],"of":[3,21,30,71,81,103],"blanching":[4,45,60],"and":[5,11,18,73,83,100],"freezing":[6,110],"conditions":[7],"on":[8],"firmness":[9],"retention":[10],"ultrastructural":[12],"changes":[13],"in":[14,40,89],"the":[15,37],"cell":[16,31],"wall":[17,32],"middle":[19],"lamella":[20],"carrot":[22],"tissues":[23],"were":[24,106],"studied.":[25],"Freezing":[26,67],"caused":[27],"extensive":[28],"degradation":[29],"pectins":[33],"as":[34],"evident":[35],"from":[36],"rapid":[38,69],"loss":[39,102],"tissue":[41],"firmness.":[42],"High\u2010temperature":[43],"short\u2010time":[44],"(100\u00b0C,":[46],"0.58":[47],"min.;":[48,63],"90\u00b0C,":[49],"2.12":[50],"min.)":[51],"retained":[52],"firmer":[53],"texture":[54],"than":[55,78],"low":[56],"temperature":[57],"long":[58],"time":[59],"(80\u00b0C,":[61],"11.64":[62],"70\u00b0C,":[64],"71.1":[65],"min.).":[66],"at":[68,108],"rates":[70,80],"\u20104.5\u00b0C/min":[72],"\u20102.4\u00b0C/min":[74],"showed":[75],"less":[76],"softening":[77],"slow":[79],"\u20100.19\u00b0C/min":[82],"\u20100.05\u00b0C/min.":[84],"Softening":[85],"was":[86],"further":[87],"enhanced":[88],"blanched\u2010frozen":[90],"carrots.":[91],"Severe":[92],"structural":[93],"damage":[94],"due":[95],"to":[96],"growing":[97],"ice":[98],"crystals":[99],"substantial":[101],"pectic":[104],"material":[105],"seen":[107],"slower":[109],"rates.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}