{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012736598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","title":"Trace-concentration detection of cobalt in a liquid flow cell by degenerate four-wave mixing using low-power off-resonant laser excitation","display_name":"Trace-concentration detection of cobalt in a liquid flow cell by degenerate four-wave mixing using low-power off-resonant laser excitation","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012736598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","mag":"2012736598","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1750697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/ac00018a009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191963794","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry","issn_l":"0003-2700","issn":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analytical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006231860","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-4124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-4124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, California 92182"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, California 92182","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079683344","display_name":"William G. Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3064-7246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3064-7246"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William G. Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77358634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"18","first_page":"1943","last_page":"1947"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.48240000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.48240000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.12630000710487366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10180","display_name":"Analytical chemistry methods development","score":0.0794999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degenerate-four-wave-mixing","display_name":"degenerate four-wave mixing","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-phase-conjugation","display_name":"phase conjugation","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt-determination","display_name":"cobalt determination","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argon-laser","display_name":"argon laser","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-spectroscopy","display_name":"nonlinear spectroscopy","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-sensitivity","display_name":"detection sensitivity","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethanol-solvent-effect","display_name":"ethanol solvent effect","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-ii","display_name":"cobalt(II)","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.9440999031066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.7124492526054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515602321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740","display_name":"Cobalt","level":2,"score":0.6393405199050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6321672797203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5725164413452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.5707309246063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4721377491950989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4353831112384796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42562413215637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22777703404426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.21559950709342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.1874672770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1350594460964203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06747764348983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003035","descriptor_name":"Cobalt","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013053","descriptor_name":"Spectrophotometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/ac00018a009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00018a009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191963794","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry","issn_l":"0003-2700","issn":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analytical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1750697","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1750697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analytical chemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4339262539","display_name":"STABLE ISOTOPES AS BIOTRACERS BY NOVEL LASER METHODS","funder_award_id":"R01GM041032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971711088","https://openalex.org/W1973069301","https://openalex.org/W1975446792","https://openalex.org/W1981912109","https://openalex.org/W2001349793","https://openalex.org/W2006959210","https://openalex.org/W2018608063","https://openalex.org/W2020690700","https://openalex.org/W2037143114","https://openalex.org/W2052794715","https://openalex.org/W2060092030","https://openalex.org/W2064441041","https://openalex.org/W2068574055","https://openalex.org/W2081017738","https://openalex.org/W2087885428","https://openalex.org/W2093336925","https://openalex.org/W2119259088","https://openalex.org/W2130042086","https://openalex.org/W2132470643","https://openalex.org/W2132893719","https://openalex.org/W2161355318","https://openalex.org/W2170430451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981912109","https://openalex.org/W2030817264","https://openalex.org/W2034526207","https://openalex.org/W2035061792","https://openalex.org/W2034326619","https://openalex.org/W2059597947","https://openalex.org/W2033662206","https://openalex.org/W2013402829","https://openalex.org/W1989312883","https://openalex.org/W1982373108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"phase":[1],"conjugation":[2],"by":[3],"degenerate":[4],"four-wave":[5],"mixing":[6],"(D4WM)":[7],"in":[8,43,111,128,141],"an":[9,90],"absorbing":[10],"metal-ion":[11],"solution":[12],"using":[13,89],"a":[14,32,44],"low-power":[15],"argon-ion":[16],"laser":[17,26,63,81,156],"as":[18,31],"the":[19,56,80,99,104,131],"excitation":[20,61,91],"source":[21],"is":[22,87,94,115,134,158],"demonstrated.":[23],"This":[24,154],"nonlinear":[25,155],"technique":[27,157],"can":[28],"be":[29],"used":[30],"sensitive":[33],"analytical":[34],"spectroscopic":[35],"method":[36],"for":[37,122,139],"trace-concentration":[38],"measurement":[39],"of":[40,58,72,77,84,103,130],"metal":[41],"ions":[42],"small-volume":[45],"continuously":[46],"flowing":[47],"analyte":[48,66,105],"cell.":[49],"Several":[50],"important":[51],"characteristics":[52],"are":[53],"discussed,":[54],"including":[55],"effects":[57],"solvent":[59],"properties,":[60],"wave-length,":[62],"intensity,":[64],"and":[65,163],"absorptivity":[67],"on":[68],"signal":[69],"intensity.":[70],"Detection":[71],"0.26":[73],"ng":[74],"(4.4":[75],"pmol)":[76],"cobalt":[78],"inside":[79],"probe":[82],"volume":[83],"0.14":[85],"microL":[86],"reported":[88],"wavelength":[92,102],"that":[93],"136":[95],"nm":[96],"away":[97],"from":[98],"maximum":[100],"absorption":[101],"solution.":[106],"The":[107,124],"minimum":[108],"absorbance":[109],"measured":[110],"our":[112],"D4WM":[113,125],"experiment":[114],"2.0":[116],"X":[117,136],"10(-5)":[118],"without":[119],"complex":[120],"formation":[121],"cobalt.":[123],"detection":[126,145],"sensitivity,":[127],"terms":[129],"concentration-absorptivity":[132],"product,":[133],"4.05":[135],"10(-4)":[137],"cm-1":[138],"cobalt(II)":[140],"ethanol.":[142],"Our":[143],"preliminary":[144],"sensitivity":[146],"compares":[147],"favorably":[148],"with":[149],"other":[150],"laser-based":[151],"spectrometric":[152],"methods.":[153],"applicable":[159],"to":[160],"both":[161],"fluorescing":[162],"nonfluorescing":[164],"analytes.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
