{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012605152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","title":"The discrete-dipole approximation and its application to interstellar graphite grains","display_name":"The discrete-dipole approximation and its application to interstellar graphite grains","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012605152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","mag":"2012605152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/166795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023974267","display_name":"B. T. Draine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-936X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-936X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. T. Draine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023974267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1529,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95341451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"333","issue":null,"first_page":"848","last_page":"848"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.31520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-dipole-approximation","display_name":"discrete dipole approximation","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-cross-section","display_name":"extinction cross section","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering-cross-section","display_name":"scattering cross section","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption-cross-section","display_name":"absorption cross section","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-gradient-method","display_name":"conjugate gradient method","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-aspect-ratio","display_name":"grain aspect ratio","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interstellar-dust","display_name":"interstellar dust","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8343198895454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.7589544057846069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49874194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282045","display_name":"Discrete dipole approximation","level":3,"score":0.7182965278625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.6557570099830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.6509430408477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.5283282995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.5246579647064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5118185877799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173523689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215589","display_name":"Dipole","level":2,"score":0.49781107902526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190841160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193384","display_name":"Cosmic dust","level":2,"score":0.46349501609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.41750386357307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2284144163131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14786118268966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.08305895328521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/166795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/166795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096493942","https://openalex.org/W2161278026","https://openalex.org/W3099185852","https://openalex.org/W4239261990","https://openalex.org/W2370201225","https://openalex.org/W3023914015","https://openalex.org/W1582194065","https://openalex.org/W2028331846","https://openalex.org/W3044129306","https://openalex.org/W2001692170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82,102],"discrete":[1],"dipole":[2],"approximation":[3],"(DDA),":[4],"a":[5],"flexible":[6],"method":[7,61,73,83],"for":[8,30,43,74,86,97,112,122],"computing":[9],"scattering":[10,80],"of":[11,15,24,33,37,46,62],"radiation":[12],"by":[13,143],"particles":[14],"arbitrary":[16],"shape,":[17],"is":[18,65,104,131],"extended":[19],"to":[20,28,67,78,107,117],"incorporate":[21],"the":[22,34,38,44,60,79,98,134],"effects":[23],"radiative":[25],"reaction":[26],"and":[27,50,71,116],"allow":[29],"possible":[31],"anisotropy":[32],"dielectric":[35],"tensor":[36],"material.":[39],"Formulas":[40],"are":[41,100],"given":[42],"evaluation":[45],"extinction,":[47],"absorption,":[48],"scattering,":[49],"polarization":[51],"cross":[52,110,120],"sections.":[53],"A":[54,137],"simple":[55],"numerical":[56],"algorithm":[57],"based":[58],"on":[59],"conjugate":[63],"gradients":[64],"found":[66],"provide":[68],"an":[69],"efficient":[70],"robust":[72],"obtaining":[75],"accurate":[76],"solutions":[77],"problem.":[81],"works":[84],"well":[85,89],"absorptive,":[87],"as":[88,90],"dielectric,":[91],"grain":[92],"materials.":[93],"Two":[94],"validity":[95],"criteria":[96],"DDA":[99,103],"presented.":[101],"then":[105],"used":[106],"compute":[108],"extinction":[109,119,138],"sections":[111,121],"spherical":[113],"graphite":[114,124,145],"grains":[115,125,146],"calculate":[118],"nonspherical":[123],"with":[126],"three":[127],"different":[128],"geometries.":[129],"It":[130],"concluded":[132],"that":[133],"interstellar":[135],"2175":[136],"feature":[139],"could":[140],"be":[141],"produced":[142],"small":[144],"which":[147],"should":[148],"have":[149],"aspect":[150],"ratios":[151],"not":[152],"far":[153],"from":[154],"unity.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":64}],"updated_date":"2026-10-15T10:00:46.086208","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
