{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012562022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","title":"An Experimental Investigation of the Functional Hypothesis and Evolutionary Advantage of Stone-Tipped Spears","display_name":"An Experimental Investigation of the Functional Hypothesis and Evolutionary Advantage of Stone-Tipped Spears","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012562022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","mag":"2012562022","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162397","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4146534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104514&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104514&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004610224","display_name":"Jayne Wilkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2586-107X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2586-107X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayne Wilkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083008354","display_name":"Benjamin J. Schoville","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0124-7959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0124-7959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin J. Schoville","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073817922","display_name":"Kyle S. Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle S. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004610224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":13.4982,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98340741,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"e104514","last_page":"e104514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-pleistocene-hominins","display_name":"Middle Pleistocene hominins","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stopping-power","display_name":"stopping power","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunting-success","display_name":"hunting success","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-evolution","display_name":"human evolution","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198647972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44475","display_name":"Spear","level":2,"score":0.8388265371322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.5774197578430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197698901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7206","display_name":"Paleoanthropology","level":2,"score":0.5316085815429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3805184066295624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.34265726804733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.3176978826522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.2587221562862396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2156408131122589}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005780","descriptor_name":"Gelatin","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008953","descriptor_name":"Models, Anatomic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010163","descriptor_name":"Paleontology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044709","descriptor_name":"Forensic Ballistics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049690","descriptor_name":"History, Ancient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104514&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3113499","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4146534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:25162397","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4146534","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146534/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.785.1259","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.785.1259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/9c/91/pone.0104514.PMC4146534.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:item:27093","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.27093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400254","display_name":"Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","host_organization_name":"Arizona State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88302550ded3446090f27334c2b9405a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88302550ded3446090f27334c2b9405a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 8, p e104514 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/1153234","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/_An_Experimental_Investigation_of_the_Functional_Hypothesis_and_Evolutionary_Advantage_of_Stone_Tipped_Spears_/1153234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:11427/15127","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402129","display_name":"Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","host_organization_name":"University of Cape Town","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104514","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104514&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012562022.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012562022.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85499595","https://openalex.org/W203283385","https://openalex.org/W402703565","https://openalex.org/W633673621","https://openalex.org/W746938542","https://openalex.org/W764556265","https://openalex.org/W1255692035","https://openalex.org/W1487444881","https://openalex.org/W1498496228","https://openalex.org/W1505180389","https://openalex.org/W1602773725","https://openalex.org/W1726400140","https://openalex.org/W1809605456","https://openalex.org/W1825388503","https://openalex.org/W1972539943","https://openalex.org/W1977554495","https://openalex.org/W1979477389","https://openalex.org/W1979573175","https://openalex.org/W1985002744","https://openalex.org/W1996882936","https://openalex.org/W1997261147","https://openalex.org/W2001303262","https://openalex.org/W2001620642","https://openalex.org/W2002841917","https://openalex.org/W2004510715","https://openalex.org/W2004667457","https://openalex.org/W2007457598","https://openalex.org/W2008014692","https://openalex.org/W2012595080","https://openalex.org/W2014495758","https://openalex.org/W2015318740","https://openalex.org/W2018991003","https://openalex.org/W2020116241","https://openalex.org/W2020247682","https://openalex.org/W2020274356","https://openalex.org/W2023633806","https://openalex.org/W2024501228","https://openalex.org/W2032368125","https://openalex.org/W2032696380","https://openalex.org/W2034652817","https://openalex.org/W2038377888","https://openalex.org/W2041924786","https://openalex.org/W2041977819","https://openalex.org/W2043312126","https://openalex.org/W2043840059","https://openalex.org/W2046667239","https://openalex.org/W2050058240","https://openalex.org/W2052104696","https://openalex.org/W2058760117","https://openalex.org/W2062024195","https://openalex.org/W2062414879","https://openalex.org/W2064725043","https://openalex.org/W2067478837","https://openalex.org/W2068136393","https://openalex.org/W2068485065","https://openalex.org/W2069002568","https://openalex.org/W2071829805","https://openalex.org/W2072388792","https://openalex.org/W2074435457","https://openalex.org/W2077107370","https://openalex.org/W2081416758","https://openalex.org/W2087357474","https://openalex.org/W2088277595","https://openalex.org/W2091672441","https://openalex.org/W2096936516","https://openalex.org/W2097086937","https://openalex.org/W2107195909","https://openalex.org/W2118272620","https://openalex.org/W2120740922","https://openalex.org/W2124582508","https://openalex.org/W2135438145","https://openalex.org/W2138937769","https://openalex.org/W2149212390","https://openalex.org/W2153507061","https://openalex.org/W2161654826","https://openalex.org/W2167498879","https://openalex.org/W2167966052","https://openalex.org/W2332692766","https://openalex.org/W2497983718","https://openalex.org/W2563681482","https://openalex.org/W2782377036","https://openalex.org/W4230920020","https://openalex.org/W4253780800","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4388260183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099654200","https://openalex.org/W2899059454","https://openalex.org/W2123167877","https://openalex.org/W2952699280","https://openalex.org/W2041924786","https://openalex.org/W7103878108","https://openalex.org/W2100265168","https://openalex.org/W4390638582","https://openalex.org/W4405390504","https://openalex.org/W2914698552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stone-tipped":[0],"weapons":[1,94],"were":[2],"a":[3,31,42,111,144,182,188],"significant":[4],"innovation":[5],"for":[6,92,207],"Middle":[7,192],"Pleistocene":[8,193],"hominins.":[9],"Hafted":[10],"hunting":[11,38,78,202],"technology":[12],"represents":[13],"the":[14,24,47,66,70,89,130,160,170,174,197],"development":[15],"of":[16,37,49,69,76,105,114,181,201],"new":[17],"cognitive":[18],"and":[19,27,59,73,97,118,199,210],"social":[20,74],"learning":[21],"mechanisms":[22],"within":[23],"genus":[25],"Homo,":[26],"may":[28],"have":[29],"provided":[30],"foraging":[32,51],"advantage":[33,52,190],"over":[34],"simpler":[35],"forms":[36],"technology,":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"sharpened":[43],"wooden":[44],"spear.":[45],"However,":[46,140],"nature":[48],"this":[50,106],"has":[53],"not":[54,128],"been":[55],"confirmed.":[56],"Experimental":[57],"studies":[58],"ethnographic":[60],"reports":[61],"provide":[62],"conflicting":[63],"results":[64,126],"regarding":[65],"relative":[67,175],"importance":[68],"functional,":[71],"economic,":[72],"roles":[75],"hafted":[77],"technology.":[79,124],"The":[80],"controlled":[81],"experiment":[82],"reported":[83],"here":[84],"was":[85],"designed":[86],"to":[87,159,191],"test":[88],"functional":[90,189],"hypothesis":[91,131],"stone-tipped":[93],"using":[95],"spears":[96,134,142,186],"ballistics":[98,165],"gelatin.":[99],"It":[100],"differs":[101],"from":[102],"previous":[103],"investigations":[104],"type":[107],"because":[108],"it":[109],"includes":[110],"quantitative":[112],"analysis":[113],"wound":[115,148,155,162],"track":[116],"profiles":[117],"focuses":[119],"specifically":[120],"on":[121],"hand-delivered":[122],"spear":[123],"Our":[125],"do":[127],"support":[129],"that":[132,150],"tipped":[133,141],"penetrate":[135],"deeper":[136],"than":[137],"untipped":[138],"spears.":[139],"create":[143],"significantly":[145],"larger":[146],"inner":[147,154],"cavity":[149,156,163],"widens":[151],"distally.":[152],"This":[153],"is":[157,168],"analogous":[158],"permanent":[161],"in":[164],"research,":[166],"which":[167],"considered":[169],"key":[171],"variable":[172],"affecting":[173,196],"'stopping":[176],"power'":[177,180],"or":[178],"'killing":[179],"penetrating":[183],"weapon.":[184],"Tipped":[185],"conferred":[187],"hominins,":[194],"potentially":[195],"frequency":[198],"regularity":[200],"success":[203],"with":[204],"important":[205],"implications":[206],"human":[208],"adaptation":[209],"life":[211],"history.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}