{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012275588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","title":"The Prevalence of Specific Arithmetic Difficulties and Specific Reading Difficulties in 9\u2010 to 10\u2010year\u2010old Boys and Girls","display_name":"The Prevalence of Specific Arithmetic Difficulties and Specific Reading Difficulties in 9\u2010 to 10\u2010year\u2010old Boys and Girls","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012275588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","mag":"2012275588","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177929781","display_name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","issn_l":"0021-9630","issn":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2012275588"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Clive Lewis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clive Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Lancaster, U.K","University of Lancaster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lancaster","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106262765","display_name":"Graham J. Hitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-7101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-7101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham J. Hitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lancaster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lancaster","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089334275","display_name":"Peter Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4844-807X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4844-807X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Lancashire"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Lancashire","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"apc_list":{"value":4530,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4530},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":386,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95609081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"283","last_page":"292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.1062999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-intelligence","display_name":"nonverbal intelligence","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyscalculia","display_name":"dyscalculia","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyslexia","display_name":"dyslexia","score":0.9869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7515966892242432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.652344822883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5982856154441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.47463855147361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.47348058223724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3299809992313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13768398761749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10152330994606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07973507046699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014477","descriptor_name":"Underachievement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177929781","display_name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","issn_l":"0021-9630","issn":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8188799","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:19040","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/19040/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34068490","https://openalex.org/W1894134410","https://openalex.org/W1981624353","https://openalex.org/W1996983346","https://openalex.org/W2005825869","https://openalex.org/W2007034343","https://openalex.org/W2056151774","https://openalex.org/W2058752951","https://openalex.org/W2065322704","https://openalex.org/W2069035587","https://openalex.org/W2071119815","https://openalex.org/W2074436957","https://openalex.org/W2094160165","https://openalex.org/W2111515219","https://openalex.org/W2114506169","https://openalex.org/W2117997072","https://openalex.org/W2123680397","https://openalex.org/W2171538244","https://openalex.org/W2332217764","https://openalex.org/W2797623645","https://openalex.org/W4236222714","https://openalex.org/W4242022616","https://openalex.org/W4246780530","https://openalex.org/W4298267715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081826611","https://openalex.org/W2588240499","https://openalex.org/W1996983346","https://openalex.org/W2164828517","https://openalex.org/W2117256082","https://openalex.org/W4407234595","https://openalex.org/W7056205682","https://openalex.org/W2055238283","https://openalex.org/W1995058025","https://openalex.org/W2009907222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"from":[1,74],"an":[2],"epidemiological":[3],"sample":[4,39],"(n":[5],"=":[6],"1206)":[7],"of":[8,17,45,67,92,98,108],"British":[9],"schoolchildren":[10],"were":[11,72,89],"used":[12],"to":[13,19,84],"estimate":[14],"the":[15,38,99,113],"proportions":[16],"9-":[18],"10-year-olds":[20],"with":[21,27,69,77,102,115],"specific":[22,32,116],"arithmetic":[23,103],"difficulties":[24,29,34,104],"(SAD),":[25],"combined":[26],"arithmetic-and-reading":[28],"(ARD),":[30],"and":[31,48,80,94],"reading":[33,47,117],"(SRD).":[35],"Children":[36],"in":[37],"contributed":[40],"scores":[41],"on":[42,60],"separate":[43],"tests":[44],"arithmetic,":[46],"nonverbal":[49],"intelligence.":[50],"Using":[51],"a":[52,64,106],"cutting-score":[53],"approach,":[54],"which":[55],"took":[56],"into":[57],"account":[58],"performance":[59],"all":[61],"three":[62],"tests,":[63],"small":[65],"group":[66,114],"children":[68],"SAD":[70],"(1.3%)":[71],"distinguished":[73],"larger":[75],"groups":[76,101],"ARD":[78],"(2.3%)":[79],"SRD":[81],"(3.9%).":[82],"Contrary":[83],"some":[85],"previous":[86],"reports,":[87],"there":[88],"equal":[90],"numbers":[91],"males":[93,109],"females":[95,111],"within":[96],"each":[97],"two":[100],"but":[105],"preponderance":[107],"over":[110],"amongst":[112],"difficulties.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}