{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012257607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","title":"Skill mix changes: substitution or service development?","display_name":"Skill mix changes: substitution or service development?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012257607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","mag":"2012257607","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10186223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209709","display_name":"Health Policy","issn_l":"0168-8510","issn":["0168-8510","1872-6054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113445935","display_name":"Gerald Richardson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, UK. gar2@york.ac.uk","Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, UK. gar2@york.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110156703","display_name":"Alan Maynard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Maynard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048357279","display_name":"Nicky A Cullum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-123X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-123X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicky Cullum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Evidence Based Nursing, Department of Health Studies, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Evidence Based Nursing, Department of Health Studies, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002457129","display_name":"David A. Kindig","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Kindig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wisconsin Network for Health Policy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wisconsin Network for Health Policy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113445935"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68674699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"119","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11816","display_name":"Nursing Roles and Practices","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11816","display_name":"Nursing Roles and Practices","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12847","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Challenges","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-mix","display_name":"skill mix","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nurses","display_name":"nurses","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-physician-personnel","display_name":"non-physician personnel","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-services-development","display_name":"health service development","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-planning","display_name":"health workforce planning","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.7858441472053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7641105055809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777620637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7535191","display_name":"Skill mix","level":3,"score":0.7296919226646423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5691488981246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986740045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health services","level":3,"score":0.4684253931045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4435265064239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.41688403487205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.4141334593296051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3946271538734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.37731480598449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34252214431762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.32742005586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.32317835092544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2672787308692932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.26673537492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.255664587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22031575441360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.17236343026161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08223304152488708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006302","descriptor_name":"Health Services Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009720","descriptor_name":"Nurse Clinicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009720","descriptor_name":"Nurse Clinicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009720","descriptor_name":"Nurse Clinicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010561","descriptor_name":"Personnel Staffing and Scheduling","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010823","descriptor_name":"Physician Assistants","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010823","descriptor_name":"Physician Assistants","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010823","descriptor_name":"Physician Assistants","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011787","descriptor_name":"Quality of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00038-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209709","display_name":"Health Policy","issn_l":"0168-8510","issn":["0168-8510","1872-6054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10186223","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10186223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:hepoli:v:45:y:1998:i:2:p:119-132","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168-8510(98)00038-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/081685b6-165f-46c7-b272-8b9237e46a5c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/081685b6-165f-46c7-b272-8b9237e46a5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Richardson, G, Maynard, A, Cullum, N & Kindig, D 1998, 'Skill mix changes: Substitution or service development?', Health Policy, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8510(98)00038-4","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/915529","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/915529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:191861","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5467796","https://openalex.org/W99776000","https://openalex.org/W144358569","https://openalex.org/W190055561","https://openalex.org/W198752990","https://openalex.org/W579473809","https://openalex.org/W1481693728","https://openalex.org/W1491108044","https://openalex.org/W1498031152","https://openalex.org/W1677440929","https://openalex.org/W1932340146","https://openalex.org/W1975393185","https://openalex.org/W1977313195","https://openalex.org/W1980233751","https://openalex.org/W1987405800","https://openalex.org/W1991273467","https://openalex.org/W1997601623","https://openalex.org/W2000547578","https://openalex.org/W2006786902","https://openalex.org/W2010113710","https://openalex.org/W2011134680","https://openalex.org/W2013566048","https://openalex.org/W2016005821","https://openalex.org/W2027612907","https://openalex.org/W2032442893","https://openalex.org/W2044210682","https://openalex.org/W2049770616","https://openalex.org/W2063416142","https://openalex.org/W2076271438","https://openalex.org/W2086504606","https://openalex.org/W2088691454","https://openalex.org/W2089622169","https://openalex.org/W2121889862","https://openalex.org/W2136418117","https://openalex.org/W2145951301","https://openalex.org/W2397024159","https://openalex.org/W2403420854","https://openalex.org/W2411597023","https://openalex.org/W2419194408","https://openalex.org/W2423154825","https://openalex.org/W2798044947","https://openalex.org/W4249724935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161287333","https://openalex.org/W2007331493","https://openalex.org/W1481693728","https://openalex.org/W2078100291","https://openalex.org/W7058449532","https://openalex.org/W2142623790","https://openalex.org/W2022267402","https://openalex.org/W2131878422","https://openalex.org/W2768869853","https://openalex.org/W4229638914"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}