{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012247132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","title":"Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis","display_name":"Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012247132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","mag":"2012247132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2012247132"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109808576","display_name":"Samuel Shapiro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Shapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109808576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1538,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":249,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94871106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"248","issue":"16","first_page":"2055","last_page":"2055"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11555","display_name":"Methodologies in Health Research and Practice","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-control-study","display_name":"case-control study","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-analysis","display_name":"statistical analysis","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/etiology","display_name":"etiology","score":0.8429999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8555470705032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.5618597865104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5251269936561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781397067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423989","display_name":"Diethylstilbestrol","level":3,"score":0.4928145706653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3645179867744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14340731501579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09851613640785217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08813640475273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777164284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277954","display_name":"Estrogen","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03330160093041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517346518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W635447694","https://openalex.org/W4385587033","https://openalex.org/W2413418452","https://openalex.org/W1508708137","https://openalex.org/W2762928505","https://openalex.org/W2517346518","https://openalex.org/W4407027410","https://openalex.org/W1492818624","https://openalex.org/W4246317580","https://openalex.org/W116728777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"case-control":[1,25],"approach":[2],"is":[3,17,92,97],"as":[4,6],"old":[5],"clinical":[7],"medicine":[8],"itself,":[9],"but":[10],"in":[11,42,110,121],"a":[12,102,119,125],"quantitative":[13],"sense":[14],"the":[15,44,57,63,73,87,90,122],"method":[16,91],"of":[18,46,59,65,68,75,124],"recent":[19],"vintage.":[20],"Perhaps":[21],"for":[22,117,133,140],"this":[23],"reason,":[24],"studies":[26],"have":[27,34],"frequently":[28],"been":[29],"misunderstood,":[30],"even":[31],"though":[32],"they":[33],"proved":[35],"to":[36],"be":[37,130],"powerful":[38],"and":[39,94],"efficient":[40],"tools":[41],"investigating":[43],"causes":[45],"disease.":[47],"Without":[48],"them,":[49],"we":[50],"would":[51],"know":[52],"little":[53],"or":[54,67,139],"nothing":[55],"about":[56],"effect":[58],"radiation":[60],"therapy":[61],"on":[62,72,89],"risk":[64,74],"leukemia,":[66],"antenatal":[69],"diethylstilbestrol":[70],"exposure":[71],"vaginal":[76],"cancer\u2014to":[77],"give":[78],"just":[79],"two":[80],"examples.":[81],"author":[83],"points":[84],"out":[85],"that":[86,95,128],"literature":[88],"scattered":[93],"there":[96],"no":[98],"comprehensive":[99],"guide":[100],"(although":[101],"more":[103],"statistical":[104],"text":[105,127],"concerned":[106],"with":[107],"analysis":[108],"appeared":[109],"19801).":[111],"He":[112],"deserves":[113],"our":[114],"warm":[115],"thanks":[116],"providing":[118],"remedy":[120],"form":[123],"fluent":[126],"can":[129],"read":[131],"either":[132],"its":[134,141],"conceptual":[135],"content":[136,143],"(large":[137],"print)":[138],"technical":[142],"(small":[144],"print).":[145],"This":[146],"book":[147],"provides":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}