{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012227463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","title":"Apprenticeship Training in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Apprenticeship Practices in Punjab and European Countries","display_name":"Apprenticeship Training in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Apprenticeship Practices in Punjab and European Countries","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012227463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","mag":"2012227463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155713289","display_name":"International Journal of Training Research","issn_l":"1448-0220","issn":["1448-0220","2204-0544"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Training Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2012227463"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063658061","display_name":"Waheed Asghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-4619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-4619"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waheed Asghar","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005103520","display_name":"Sulaman Hafeez Siddi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sulaman Hafeez Siddi","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13532","display_name":"Education Systems and Policy","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13532","display_name":"Education Systems and Policy","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14508","display_name":"Vocational Education and Training","score":0.09870000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13872","display_name":"Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education","score":0.0568000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apprenticeship","display_name":"apprenticeship","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-education-and-training","display_name":"vocational education and training","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-accumulation","display_name":"human capital accumulation","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punjab-pakistan","display_name":"Punjab, Pakistan","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apprenticeship-policy","display_name":"apprenticeship policy","score":0.7599999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107806365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253567","display_name":"Apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.7633073329925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6473365426063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.5692812204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776962539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472078","display_name":"Lagging","level":2,"score":0.5532450675964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.521277904510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.5210056304931641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.49376925826072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.4469550549983978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4118027687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.37460190057754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.35735705494880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31851187348365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.26987266540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.2.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155713289","display_name":"International Journal of Training Research","issn_l":"1448-0220","issn":["1448-0220","2204-0544"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Training Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519644645","https://openalex.org/W1942933841","https://openalex.org/W1971186578","https://openalex.org/W1982648714","https://openalex.org/W1988720244","https://openalex.org/W2039416930","https://openalex.org/W2045711189","https://openalex.org/W2047980971","https://openalex.org/W2053623017","https://openalex.org/W2056607660","https://openalex.org/W2061980064","https://openalex.org/W2080867114","https://openalex.org/W2085325210","https://openalex.org/W2102428166","https://openalex.org/W2103954721","https://openalex.org/W2107117822","https://openalex.org/W2129212733","https://openalex.org/W2130264791","https://openalex.org/W2149800078","https://openalex.org/W2163708118","https://openalex.org/W2497293891","https://openalex.org/W2531342189","https://openalex.org/W3125549961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288091039","https://openalex.org/W2119968286","https://openalex.org/W2341566465","https://openalex.org/W2187043983","https://openalex.org/W4376472001","https://openalex.org/W7137593639","https://openalex.org/W2796999407","https://openalex.org/W2118484215","https://openalex.org/W2497505946","https://openalex.org/W7207250308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,73,188],"this":[1],"era":[2],"of":[3,42,53,81,87,119,135,149,160,183,206,232,254,267,301,316],"global":[4,71,109],"competition,":[5],"human":[6,29,43,83],"resources":[7,84],"will":[8,31,46,85],"play":[9],"a":[10,68,108,153,264],"decisive":[11],"role":[12],"in":[13,57,67,98,107,164,194,222,230,250,270,319],"the":[14,51,58,74,99,105,115,124,140,161,165,204,251,279,302,306,314],"battle":[15],"for":[16,60,101,278,326],"efficiency":[17],"and":[18,23,27,37,63,79,114,127,151,180,199,234,242,287,289,308,321,329],"competitive":[19,102],"advantage,":[20],"where":[21],"nations":[22,66],"organisations":[24,106],"with":[25,35],"superior":[26],"quality-oriented":[28],"capital":[30,44,55,93],"soon":[32],"outperform":[33],"those":[34],"inefficient":[36],"quantity-oriented":[38],"labour":[39],"force.":[40],"Rate":[41],"formation":[45,56],"be":[47,86,219,260],"more":[48,227],"important":[49],"than":[50],"rate":[52],"physical":[54],"race":[59,100],"economic":[61],"development":[62],"growth":[64],"among":[65,104],"knowledge":[69],"based":[70,176],"economy.":[72],"same":[75],"manner,":[76],"access":[77,91],"to":[78,92,145,172,218,224,247,262,311],"maintenance":[80],"skilled":[82,121,186],"equal":[88],"importance":[89],"as":[90,157],"or":[94],"rapidly":[95],"changing":[96],"technology":[97],"advantage":[103],"marketplace.":[110],"The":[111,215,256,275,299],"easiest,":[112],"quickest":[113],"most":[116,141],"reliable":[117],"source":[118],"providing":[120],"manpower":[122],"are":[123,211,281],"vocational":[125],"education":[126],"technical":[128],"training":[129,156,249,269,318],"(VET).":[130],"VET":[131],"has":[132,192],"different":[133],"channels":[134],"which":[136],"Apprenticeship":[137,170,190],"Training":[138,171,191],"is":[139,238],"recognized":[142],"mode":[143],"due":[144],"its":[146,327],"peculiar":[147],"aspect":[148],"on-the-job":[150],"many":[152,208],"times":[154],"off-the-job":[155],"well.":[158],"Many":[159],"advanced":[162],"countries":[163,276,283],"world":[166],"have":[167],"benefited":[168],"from":[169],"build":[173],"strong":[174],"economies":[175],"on":[177],"state-of-the-art":[178],"technologies":[179],"resultant":[181],"demand":[182],"high":[184],"caliber":[185],"manpower.":[187],"Pakistan,":[189],"been":[193],"practice,":[195],"voluntarily,":[196],"since":[197,201],"inception":[198],"statutory":[200],"1962.":[202],"Despite":[203],"lapse":[205],"so":[207],"years,":[209],"we":[210],"lagging":[212],"behind":[213],"relatively.":[214],"subject":[216],"needs":[217],"reviewed":[220],"critically":[221],"order":[223],"make":[225],"it":[226],"productive":[228],"both":[229],"terms":[231],"quantity":[233],"quality.":[235],"This":[236],"study":[237,280,303],"aimed":[239],"at":[240],"gathering":[241],"synthesizing":[243],"factual":[244],"data":[245],"related":[246],"apprenticeship":[248,268,317],"Punjab":[252],"province":[253],"Pakistan.":[255],"information,":[257],"further,":[258],"would":[259,304],"used":[261],"develop":[263],"comparative":[265],"analysis":[266],"Pakistan":[271,320],"vis-a-vis":[272],"European":[273],"practices.":[274],"chosen":[277],"\u2018dual-system\u2019":[282],"like":[284,291],"Austria,":[285],"Germany,":[286],"Switzerland":[288],"others":[290],"France,":[292],"Denmark,":[293],"Netherlands,":[294],"Italy,":[295],"Britain,":[296],"Ireland":[297],"etc.":[298],"outcome":[300],"help":[305],"theorists":[307],"policy":[309,325],"makers":[310],"better":[312],"understand":[313],"dynamics":[315],"formulate":[322],"appropriate":[323],"response":[324],"up-gradation":[328],"development.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
