{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012225019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","title":"Is Mental Disease Just Brain Disease? The Limits to Biological Psychiatry","display_name":"Is Mental Disease Just Brain Disease? The Limits to Biological Psychiatry","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012225019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","mag":"2012225019","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1642619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/000486749202600213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179943861","display_name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0004-8674","issn":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086286529","display_name":"Niall McLaren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-6233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-6233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800882159","display_name":"Government of Western Australia Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01epcny94","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799506148","https://openalex.org/I2800882159"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N. Mclaren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Department of Western Australia (Kimberley Health Region) PMB 938, Derby WA","Health Department of Western Australia (Kimberley Health Region), Derby"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Department of Western Australia (Kimberley Health Region) PMB 938, Derby WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800882159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Department of Western Australia (Kimberley Health Region), Derby","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800882159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086286529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800882159"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98910039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"270","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-psychiatry","display_name":"biological psychiatry","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychoanalytic-psychology","display_name":"psychoanalytic psychology","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviorism","display_name":"behaviorism","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-framework","display_name":"theoretical framework","score":0.5289999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61535369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2706176","display_name":"Biological psychiatry","level":2,"score":0.6986451745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43450049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256338","display_name":"Psychoanalytic theory","level":2,"score":0.6449605226516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102655426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940923","display_name":"Psychodynamics","level":2,"score":0.6079719066619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6076112985610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.5602462887763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908876842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Psychiatric Disease","level":3,"score":0.4807721972465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992895887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental disease","level":2,"score":0.4461529850959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.44410350918769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991968784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychiatry","level":2,"score":0.4366544187068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43239760398864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.3809354901313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3632890284061432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.34673959016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.33260881900787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24839475750923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13293147087097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001291","descriptor_name":"Attitude of Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/000486749202600213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000486749202600213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179943861","display_name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0004-8674","issn":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.3109/00048679209072038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179943861","display_name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0004-8674","issn":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1642619","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1642619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W570276678","https://openalex.org/W818653764","https://openalex.org/W1515004726","https://openalex.org/W1534110224","https://openalex.org/W1600021489","https://openalex.org/W1992305314","https://openalex.org/W2018528947","https://openalex.org/W2034066426","https://openalex.org/W2034426409","https://openalex.org/W2082009048","https://openalex.org/W2086936388","https://openalex.org/W2091716386","https://openalex.org/W2099611641","https://openalex.org/W2115605544","https://openalex.org/W2122514207","https://openalex.org/W2139357381","https://openalex.org/W2140665054","https://openalex.org/W2153848381","https://openalex.org/W2315867072","https://openalex.org/W2319810949","https://openalex.org/W2339747818","https://openalex.org/W2413174725","https://openalex.org/W2751624169","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W3128298254","https://openalex.org/W3198355730","https://openalex.org/W4231356977","https://openalex.org/W4245534321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137276455","https://openalex.org/W2786561213","https://openalex.org/W2026459055","https://openalex.org/W7096148928","https://openalex.org/W7074178349","https://openalex.org/W2034079761","https://openalex.org/W7139811649","https://openalex.org/W4200427089","https://openalex.org/W7268321","https://openalex.org/W2030773854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,117],"process":[2],"of":[3,21,41,46,64,79,84,104,116,120],"rational":[4],"enquiry":[5],"into":[6],"an":[7,125],"empirical":[8],"field,":[9],"psychiatry":[10,100,134],"must":[11,25],"submit":[12],"itself":[13],"to":[14,95],"the":[15,80,96,102,105,114,129],"same":[16],"discipline":[17],"as":[18],"other":[19],"areas":[20],"science.":[22],"Effectively,":[23],"it":[24,111,123],"show":[26],"that":[27,38,98,133],"its":[28,39],"fundamental":[29],"premises":[30],"are":[31],"both":[32],"internally":[33],"and":[34,37,57,109],"externally":[35],"consistent,":[36],"methods":[40],"investigation":[42],"satisfy":[43],"prevailing":[44],"criteria":[45],"scientific":[47],"methodology.":[48],"When":[49],"psychoanalytic":[50],"psychology":[51],"(and":[52],"hence":[53],"all":[54],"psychodynamic":[55],"models)":[56],"behaviourism":[58],"were":[59,67],"analysed":[60],"from":[61],"these":[62],"points":[63],"view,":[65],"they":[66],"found":[68],"wanting.":[69],"To":[70],"date,":[71],"there":[72],"has":[73],"been":[74],"little":[75],"or":[76],"no":[77],"meta-analysis":[78],"third":[81],"great":[82],"school":[83],"psychiatric":[85],"theorizing,":[86],"biological":[87,99],"psychiatry.":[88,121],"A":[89],"preliminary":[90],"analysis":[91],"establishes":[92],"sharp":[93],"limits":[94],"notion":[97],"is":[101,132,135],"\"wave":[103],"future\".":[106],"Like":[107],"psychoanalysis":[108],"behaviourism,":[110],"cannot":[112],"form":[113],"basis":[115],"general":[118],"theory":[119],"Since":[122],"lacks":[124],"adequate":[126],"theoretical":[127],"framework,":[128],"inescapable":[130],"conclusion":[131],"nothing":[136],"more":[137],"than":[138],"protoscience.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}