{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012206115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","title":"The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.","display_name":"The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012206115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","mag":"2012206115","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11885301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111980641","display_name":"Ludy T. Benjamin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludy T. Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology-4235, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA. ltb@psyc.tamu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology-4235, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA. ltb@psyc.tamu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088856745","display_name":"Ellen M. Crouse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen M. Crouse","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Montana, Dept of Psychology, Missoula, MT, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Montana, Dept of Psychology, Missoula, MT, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99314398,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"38","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brown-v-board-of-education","display_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-segregation","display_name":"school segregation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desegregation","display_name":"desegregation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plessy-v-ferguson","display_name":"Plessy v. Ferguson","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separate-but-equal-doctrine","display_name":"separate but equal doctrine","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science-evidence","display_name":"social science evidence","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights","display_name":"civil rights","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-psychology","display_name":"history of psychology","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.9087604284286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.6704666614532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6191658973693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6189379096031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5720183253288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992048920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256367","display_name":"Psychological science","level":2,"score":0.46945375204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172712801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11160374","display_name":"School psychology","level":2,"score":0.4572233557701111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.44650155305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.35671645402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3298734724521637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32875585556030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.1450105607509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012958","descriptor_name":"Societies, Scientific","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012958","descriptor_name":"Societies, Scientific","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012958","descriptor_name":"Societies, Scientific","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.1.38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11885301","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11885301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American psychologist","raw_type":"Biography"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577620437","https://openalex.org/W616523246","https://openalex.org/W1495922660","https://openalex.org/W1509850333","https://openalex.org/W1523065470","https://openalex.org/W1532374916","https://openalex.org/W1535135408","https://openalex.org/W1563032931","https://openalex.org/W1566963564","https://openalex.org/W1571088809","https://openalex.org/W1571515875","https://openalex.org/W1968212568","https://openalex.org/W1971903345","https://openalex.org/W1972311278","https://openalex.org/W1986431493","https://openalex.org/W1994854711","https://openalex.org/W1996528441","https://openalex.org/W1998788169","https://openalex.org/W2006448650","https://openalex.org/W2014438644","https://openalex.org/W2014991085","https://openalex.org/W2017113707","https://openalex.org/W2018237229","https://openalex.org/W2020205960","https://openalex.org/W2021325377","https://openalex.org/W2026848281","https://openalex.org/W2027915058","https://openalex.org/W2031036527","https://openalex.org/W2034328075","https://openalex.org/W2035058648","https://openalex.org/W2038825172","https://openalex.org/W2045785646","https://openalex.org/W2049441281","https://openalex.org/W2056400786","https://openalex.org/W2057386028","https://openalex.org/W2060423252","https://openalex.org/W2065570511","https://openalex.org/W2066229417","https://openalex.org/W2071395802","https://openalex.org/W2074173955","https://openalex.org/W2074619842","https://openalex.org/W2074745373","https://openalex.org/W2083188611","https://openalex.org/W2086340723","https://openalex.org/W2087725049","https://openalex.org/W2087833837","https://openalex.org/W2099002696","https://openalex.org/W2113551495","https://openalex.org/W2128425763","https://openalex.org/W2134750785","https://openalex.org/W2148392833","https://openalex.org/W2160100988","https://openalex.org/W2313943978","https://openalex.org/W2314718606","https://openalex.org/W2335777780","https://openalex.org/W2493483136","https://openalex.org/W2732233778","https://openalex.org/W2733440124","https://openalex.org/W2765702312","https://openalex.org/W4205108732","https://openalex.org/W4205732128","https://openalex.org/W4210911437","https://openalex.org/W4232735518","https://openalex.org/W4234725324","https://openalex.org/W4240968858","https://openalex.org/W4241130673","https://openalex.org/W4243902565","https://openalex.org/W4244703195","https://openalex.org/W4252432019","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301765638","https://openalex.org/W6740705694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157548703","https://openalex.org/W2315794256","https://openalex.org/W2058345103","https://openalex.org/W2033524529","https://openalex.org/W7133203776","https://openalex.org/W4288730923","https://openalex.org/W4247071419","https://openalex.org/W1994854711","https://openalex.org/W2074619842","https://openalex.org/W1811863630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"1954,":[1],"in":[2,32,53,80,94,110,125],"Brown":[3,40],"v.":[4,21],"Board":[5],"of":[6,18,29,38,49,55,116],"Education,":[7],"the":[8,13,19,27,36,43,50,72,95,114,117],"Supreme":[9,46,82],"Court":[10,47,83],"struck":[11],"down":[12],"\"separate":[14],"but":[15],"equal\"":[16],"doctrine":[17],"Plessy":[20],"Ferguson":[22],"decision":[23,48,84,97],"(1896)":[24],"that":[25,75,111],"was":[26,78],"foundation":[28],"school":[30,100],"segregation":[31],"17":[33],"states":[34],"and":[35,85,113],"District":[37],"Columbia.":[39],"is":[41],"arguably":[42],"most":[44],"important":[45],"20th":[51],"century":[52],"terms":[54],"its":[56],"influence":[57],"on":[58],"American":[59,118],"history.":[60],"Moreover,":[61],"it":[62,70],"has":[63],"a":[64,81,126],"special":[65],"significance":[66],"for":[67],"psychology":[68],"because":[69,86],"marked":[71],"first":[73],"time":[74],"psychological":[76],"research":[77],"cited":[79],"social":[87],"science":[88],"data":[89],"were":[90],"seen":[91],"as":[92],"paramount":[93],"Court's":[96],"to":[98,121],"end":[99],"segregation.":[101],"This":[102],"article":[103],"describes":[104],"psychologist":[105],"Kenneth":[106],"B.":[107],"Clark's":[108],"role":[109],"case":[112],"response":[115],"Psychological":[119],"Association":[120],"scientific":[122],"psychology's":[123],"moment":[124],"great":[127],"spotlight.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}