{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012145162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","title":"Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections","display_name":"Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012145162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","mag":"2012145162","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25225144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031781722","display_name":"Matthew P. Kronman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-6841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-6841"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Kronman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and","Divisions of Infectious Diseases and","Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and matthew.kronman@seattlechildrens.org"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases and","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and matthew.kronman@seattlechildrens.org","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028581738","display_name":"Chuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-3593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-3593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295499534","display_name":"Seattle Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01njes783","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262941","display_name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz0md82","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and","General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029986159","display_name":"Rita M. Mangione-Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295499534","display_name":"Seattle Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01njes783","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262941","display_name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz0md82","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Mangione-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and","General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295499534","https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4405262941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":183,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87740899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"4","first_page":"e956","last_page":"e965"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13555","display_name":"Healthcare cost, quality, practices","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-respiratory-tract-infections","display_name":"acute respiratory infections","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-prevalence","display_name":"bacterial prevalence","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-prescribing","display_name":"antimicrobial prescribing","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-otitis-media","display_name":"acute otitis media","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sinusitis","display_name":"sinusitis","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bronchitis","display_name":"bronchitis","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-respiratory-tract-infection","display_name":"upper respiratory tract infection","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharyngitis","display_name":"pharyngitis","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-pyogenes","display_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-infection","display_name":"pediatric infection","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-stewardship","display_name":"antimicrobial stewardship","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overprescribing","display_name":"overprescribing","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.949169397354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781253189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221179","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","level":3,"score":0.6592327356338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.6186213493347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.5885584354400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776551000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046669","display_name":"Moraxella catarrhalis","level":4,"score":0.579585611820221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5320371985435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779279270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085267","display_name":"Pharyngitis","level":2,"score":0.5302037000656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777768476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183344","display_name":"Sinusitis","level":2,"score":0.4714300036430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779993553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173022","display_name":"Bronchitis","level":2,"score":0.4553244411945343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.4536738097667694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.4145585894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4024941921234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3964160978794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.26686543226242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.21177461743354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.14663857221603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.1373828649520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000553","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000553","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000890","descriptor_name":"Anti-Infective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011307","descriptor_name":"Drug Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012141","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012141","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012141","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25225144","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25225144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75274097","https://openalex.org/W127946272","https://openalex.org/W188466576","https://openalex.org/W1513541020","https://openalex.org/W1820817744","https://openalex.org/W1973746595","https://openalex.org/W1975722696","https://openalex.org/W1976315651","https://openalex.org/W1978366570","https://openalex.org/W1979286787","https://openalex.org/W1987676275","https://openalex.org/W1994578277","https://openalex.org/W2003502262","https://openalex.org/W2005730984","https://openalex.org/W2009177646","https://openalex.org/W2012447751","https://openalex.org/W2012982825","https://openalex.org/W2016325318","https://openalex.org/W2023979120","https://openalex.org/W2027278706","https://openalex.org/W2032179283","https://openalex.org/W2043428358","https://openalex.org/W2059608310","https://openalex.org/W2060300668","https://openalex.org/W2061486920","https://openalex.org/W2063090823","https://openalex.org/W2063938848","https://openalex.org/W2070409252","https://openalex.org/W2072862815","https://openalex.org/W2084363382","https://openalex.org/W2085901026","https://openalex.org/W2086527063","https://openalex.org/W2086888761","https://openalex.org/W2087937016","https://openalex.org/W2105131328","https://openalex.org/W2107328434","https://openalex.org/W2107865676","https://openalex.org/W2112855779","https://openalex.org/W2120259235","https://openalex.org/W2126012938","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2127886138","https://openalex.org/W2132808362","https://openalex.org/W2133314239","https://openalex.org/W2136988296","https://openalex.org/W2138434063","https://openalex.org/W2138785928","https://openalex.org/W2143201035","https://openalex.org/W2149727602","https://openalex.org/W2150500774","https://openalex.org/W2153028278","https://openalex.org/W2153807636","https://openalex.org/W2158939557","https://openalex.org/W2171523063","https://openalex.org/W2236989428","https://openalex.org/W2318004867","https://openalex.org/W2324164412","https://openalex.org/W2462587269","https://openalex.org/W4241246544","https://openalex.org/W4242709089","https://openalex.org/W6607570487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994578277","https://openalex.org/W2944335479","https://openalex.org/W3176492856","https://openalex.org/W7074040947","https://openalex.org/W2005410087","https://openalex.org/W7214479513","https://openalex.org/W1859260380","https://openalex.org/W4406956061","https://openalex.org/W2903008446","https://openalex.org/W1965278185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND":[0],"AND":[1],"OBJECTIVES:":[2],"Antimicrobials":[3,228],"are":[4,15,229],"frequently":[5],"prescribed":[6,188,230],"for":[7,24,53,176,245],"acute":[8,30],"respiratory":[9,37],"tract":[10,38],"infections":[11],"(ARTI),":[12],"although":[13],"many":[14],"viral.":[16],"We":[17,57],"aimed":[18],"to":[19,43,47,79,110],"determine":[20,80,111],"bacterial":[21,82,124,168,220],"prevalence":[22,83,125,135,169],"rates":[23,46,52],"5":[25],"common":[26],"childhood":[27],"ARTI":[28,81,114,177,197,218,239],"-":[29],"otitis":[31],"media":[32],"(AOM),":[33],"sinusitis,":[34],"bronchitis,":[35],"upper":[36],"infection,":[39],"and":[40,42,70,75,85,151],"pharyngitis-":[41],"compare":[44],"these":[45,54,166],"nationally":[48],"representative":[49],"antimicrobial":[50,115,173,185,206,247],"prescription":[51],"ARTI.":[55],"METHODS:":[56],"performed":[58],"(1)":[59],"a":[60,87],"meta-analysis":[61],"of":[62,91,162,196,213],"English":[63],"language":[64],"pediatric":[65],"studies":[66,147],"published":[67],"between":[68],"2000":[69],"2011":[71],"in":[72,97,160,189,222],"Medline,":[73],"Embase,":[74],"the":[76,102,120,122,171,223],"Cochrane":[77],"library":[78],"rates;":[84],"(2)":[86],"retrospective":[88],"cohort":[89],"analysis":[90],"children":[92,215],"age":[93],"<18":[94],"years":[95],"evaluated":[96],"ambulatory":[98],"clinics":[99],"sampled":[100],"by":[101],"2000-2010":[103],"National":[104],"Ambulatory":[105],"Medical":[106],"Care":[107],"Survey":[108],"(NAMCS)":[109],"estimated":[112,201,211],"US":[113,214],"prescribing":[116],"rates.":[117],"RESULTS:":[118],"From":[119],"meta-analysis,":[121],"AOM":[123],"was":[126,138,179],"64.7%":[127],"(95%":[128,140,181,193],"confidence":[129],"interval":[130],"[CI],":[131],"50.5%-77.7%);":[132],"Streptococcus":[133],"pyogenes":[134],"during":[136,191,237],"pharyngitis":[137],"20.2%":[139],"CI,":[141,182,194],"15.9%-25.2%).":[142],"No":[143],"URI":[144],"or":[145],"bronchitis":[146],"met":[148,155],"inclusion":[149,156],"criteria,":[150,157],"1":[152],"sinusitis":[153],"study":[154],"identifying":[158],"bacteria":[159],"78%":[161],"subjects.":[163],"Based":[164],"on":[165],"condition-specific":[167],"rates,":[170],"expected":[172,236],"rescribing":[174],"rate":[175],"overall":[178],"27.4%":[180,212],"26.5%-28.3%).":[183],"However,":[184],"agents":[186],"were":[187],"NAMCS":[190],"56.9%":[192],"50.8%-63.1%)":[195],"encounters,":[198],"representing":[199,241],"an":[200,242],"11.4":[202],"million":[203],"potentially":[204],"preventable":[205],"prescriptions":[207],"annually.":[208],"CONCLUSIONS:":[209],"An":[210],"who":[216],"have":[217,219],"illness":[221],"post-pneumococcal":[224],"conjugate":[225],"vaccine":[226],"era.":[227],"almost":[231],"twice":[232],"as":[233,235],"often":[234],"outpatient":[238],"visits,":[240],"important":[243],"target":[244],"ongoing":[246],"stewardship":[248],"interventions.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
