{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012128752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","title":"A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors","display_name":"A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012128752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","mag":"2012128752","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16451849","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1367826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1289/ehp.8284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10446503","display_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","issn_l":"0091-6765","issn":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054747181","display_name":"Ron C. Hardman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ron Hardman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA","Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054747181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"fwci":3.9411,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2304,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95744681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"2","first_page":"165","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10321","display_name":"Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10321","display_name":"Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.41940000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-dots","display_name":"quantum dots","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotoxicology","display_name":"nanotoxicology","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineered-nanomaterials","display_name":"engineered nanomaterials","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomaterial-toxicity","display_name":"nanomaterial toxicity","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physicochemical-properties","display_name":"physicochemical properties","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-charge","display_name":"surface charge","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capping-materials","display_name":"capping materials","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stability","display_name":"oxidative stability","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-health-risk","display_name":"human health risk","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-risk","display_name":"environmental risk","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-distribution","display_name":"tissue distribution","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-drug-delivery","display_name":"targeted drug delivery","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-imaging","display_name":"biomedical imaging","score":0.8920000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6677310466766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.6625280380249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124657808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133068","display_name":"Quantum dot","level":2,"score":0.43348023295402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.42148882150650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33271151781082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.31048017740249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26668429374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.18183457851409912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17688339948654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17132163047790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000327","descriptor_name":"Adsorption","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004782","descriptor_name":"Environmental Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004785","descriptor_name":"Environmental Pollutants","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004785","descriptor_name":"Environmental Pollutants","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010316","descriptor_name":"Particle Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014116","descriptor_name":"Toxicology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045663","descriptor_name":"Quantum Dots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1289/ehp.8284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10446503","display_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","issn_l":"0091-6765","issn":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:118040","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1367826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1367826","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1367826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environ Health Perspect","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16451849","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16451849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental health perspectives","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1289/ehp.8284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10446503","display_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","issn_l":"0091-6765","issn":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1958574545","https://openalex.org/W1979260070","https://openalex.org/W1987924718","https://openalex.org/W1987996845","https://openalex.org/W1991535520","https://openalex.org/W1996259855","https://openalex.org/W1996595845","https://openalex.org/W1997295460","https://openalex.org/W1997505702","https://openalex.org/W2011032800","https://openalex.org/W2013158224","https://openalex.org/W2013557720","https://openalex.org/W2015622350","https://openalex.org/W2016537201","https://openalex.org/W2027763753","https://openalex.org/W2028972304","https://openalex.org/W2032706441","https://openalex.org/W2034278235","https://openalex.org/W2038980827","https://openalex.org/W2044531112","https://openalex.org/W2044543075","https://openalex.org/W2048053977","https://openalex.org/W2048244789","https://openalex.org/W2050289957","https://openalex.org/W2058456290","https://openalex.org/W2062485439","https://openalex.org/W2063575064","https://openalex.org/W2070495445","https://openalex.org/W2076742004","https://openalex.org/W2086754387","https://openalex.org/W2097699305","https://openalex.org/W2102136382","https://openalex.org/W2106955414","https://openalex.org/W2111688894","https://openalex.org/W2112101570","https://openalex.org/W2114972164","https://openalex.org/W2115907801","https://openalex.org/W2124560116","https://openalex.org/W2138024261","https://openalex.org/W2139702401","https://openalex.org/W2139980848","https://openalex.org/W2154321074","https://openalex.org/W2155118487","https://openalex.org/W2164845223","https://openalex.org/W2164930985","https://openalex.org/W4235086220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100667688","https://openalex.org/W2262968316","https://openalex.org/W4312990820","https://openalex.org/W2109880556","https://openalex.org/W2361389496","https://openalex.org/W7098991634","https://openalex.org/W3215959885","https://openalex.org/W4313565947","https://openalex.org/W2090772513","https://openalex.org/W4288788045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,164],"growing":[2],"applied":[3],"science,":[4],"nanotechnology":[5,70,105],"has":[6],"considerable":[7],"global":[8],"socioeconomic":[9],"value,":[10],"and":[11,18,30,42,51,66,101,174,186,198,201,204,228,241],"the":[12,69,82,94,99,104,115,133,137,242],"benefits":[13,223],"afforded":[14],"by":[15,80],"nanoscale":[16,40],"materials":[17,86,144],"processes":[19,43],"are":[20,157],"expected":[21],"to":[22,73,124,238],"have":[23,44,207],"significant":[24],"impacts":[25],"on":[26,177],"almost":[27],"all":[28,31,155],"industries":[29],"areas":[32,109],"of":[33,38,84,96,103,142,167],"society.":[34],"A":[35],"diverse":[36],"array":[37],"engineered":[39,159],"products":[41],"emerged":[45],"[e.g.,":[46],"carbon":[47],"nanotubes,":[48],"fullerene":[49],"derivatives,":[50],"quantum":[52,257],"dots":[53],"(QDs)],":[54],"with":[55],"widespread":[56],"applications":[57],"in":[58,87,214,229],"fields":[59],"such":[60,113,224],"as":[61,92,114,211,225],"medicine,":[62],"plastics,":[63],"energy,":[64],"electronics,":[65],"aerospace.":[67],"With":[68],"economy":[71],"estimated":[72],"be":[74,90,162],"valued":[75],"at":[76],"dollar":[77],"1":[78],"trillion":[79],"2012,":[81],"prevalence":[83],"these":[85,143],"society":[88],"will":[89,93],"increasing,":[91],"likelihood":[95],"exposures.":[97],"Importantly,":[98],"vastness":[100],"novelty":[102],"frontier":[106],"leave":[107],"many":[108],"unexplored,":[110],"or":[111],"underexplored,":[112],"potential":[116],"adverse":[117],"human":[118,239,250],"health":[119,240],"effects":[120,141],"resulting":[121],"from":[122,181],"exposure":[123],"novel":[125],"nanomaterials.":[126],"It":[127],"is":[128],"within":[129],"this":[130],"context":[131],"that":[132],"need":[134],"for":[135],"understanding":[136],"potentially":[138,220],"harmful":[139],"side":[140],"becomes":[145],"clear.":[146],"The":[147],"reviewed":[148],"literature":[149],"suggests":[150],"several":[151],"key":[152],"points:":[153],"Not":[154],"QDs":[156,160,233],"alike;":[158],"cannot":[161],"considered":[163],"uniform":[165],"group":[166],"substances.":[168],"QD":[169,189,215],"absorption,":[170],"distribution,":[171],"metabolism,":[172],"excretion,":[173],"toxicity":[175],"depend":[176],"multiple":[178],"factors":[179,213],"derived":[180],"both":[182],"inherent":[183],"physicochemical":[184],"properties":[185],"environmental":[187],"conditions;":[188],"size,":[190],"charge,":[191],"concentration,":[192],"outer":[193],"coating":[194],"bioactivity":[195],"(capping":[196],"material":[197],"functional":[199],"groups),":[200],"oxidative,":[202],"photolytic,":[203],"mechanical":[205],"stability":[206],"each":[208],"been":[209],"implicated":[210],"determining":[212],"toxicity.":[216],"Although":[217],"they":[218],"offer":[219],"invaluable":[221],"societal":[222],"drug":[226],"targeting":[227],"vivo":[230],"biomedical":[231],"imaging,":[232],"may":[234],"also":[235],"pose":[236],"risks":[237],"environment":[243],"under":[244],"certain":[245],"conditions.":[246],"Key":[247],"words:":[248],"environment,":[249],"health,":[251],"nanomaterials,":[252],"nanosized":[253],"particles,":[254],"nanotechnology,":[255],"nanotoxicology,":[256],"dots,":[258],"toxicology.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":115},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":123},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":105},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":119},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":124},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":147},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":171}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}