{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012017925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","title":"Precision timing with liquid ionization calorimeters","display_name":"Precision timing with liquid ionization calorimeters","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012017925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","mag":"2012017925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145630073","display_name":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","issn_l":"0168-9002","issn":["0168-9002","1872-9576"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107825199","display_name":"Odette Benary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71965598","display_name":"Adelphi University","ror":"https://ror.org/025n13r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Benary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. Cannon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Cannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093012","display_name":"W. Cleland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Cleland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA","Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006952532","display_name":"Ian T. Ferguson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-7549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-7549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4843557","display_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5eem51","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210096333","https://openalex.org/I4210127387","https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Ferguson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032238276","display_name":"Chad Finley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-390X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-390X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Finley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","Columbia University, New York, NY, United States#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, United States#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111888391","display_name":"A. Gordeev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Gordeev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105696270","display_name":"Howard A. Gordon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-019X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-019X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Gordon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108085412","display_name":"Edouard Kistenev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Kistenev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112027371","display_name":"P. J. Kroon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Kroon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087933198","display_name":"M. Letchouk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Letchouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086573584","display_name":"David M. Lissauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-2327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-2327"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Lissauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084239801","display_name":"Hong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-6220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-6220","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7076-0889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001277453","display_name":"Don Makowiecki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Makowiecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062876308","display_name":"A. L. Maslennikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3111","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3111"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4843557","display_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5eem51","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210096333","https://openalex.org/I4210127387","https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Maslennikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091731580","display_name":"S. McCorkle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-4071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-4071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. McCorkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105471844","display_name":"Dmitry Onoprienko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Onoprienko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104780399","display_name":"A. P. Onuchin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4843557","display_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5eem51","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210096333","https://openalex.org/I4210127387","https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Onuchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107825065","display_name":"Yona Oren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Oren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078604276","display_name":"V.S. Panin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4843557","display_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5eem51","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210096333","https://openalex.org/I4210127387","https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Panin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058833301","display_name":"J. A. Parsons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-6017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-6017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Parsons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062515004","display_name":"J. Rabel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rabel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107859188","display_name":"V. Radeka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6975-827X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6975-827X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Radeka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025035548","display_name":"L. Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-1157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-1157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109236814","display_name":"David C. Rahm","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Rahm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005215065","display_name":"S. Rescia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2411-8903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2411-8903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Rescia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107829043","display_name":"John P. Rutherfoord","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-0667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-0667","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-8531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rutherfoord","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108288485","display_name":"Michal Seman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Seman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY 15633, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011517741","display_name":"Michael Robert Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2060-172X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2060-172X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111475749","display_name":"John H. Sondericker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Sondericker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007493040","display_name":"R. Steiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-5899","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-5899"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71965598","display_name":"Adelphi University","ror":"https://ror.org/025n13r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Steiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Stephani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Stephani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102934339","display_name":"Einat Stern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8583-1733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8583-1733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71965598","display_name":"Adelphi University","ror":"https://ror.org/025n13r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Stern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71965598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105886236","display_name":"Iuliu Stumer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Stumer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083667726","display_name":"H. Takai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-8307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-8307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200870766","display_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02ex6cf31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I200870766","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210142672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Takai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookhaven National Laboratory,  Upton, NY 11973, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200870766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111580141","display_name":"H.W. Themann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Themann","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012700430","display_name":"Yu. A. Tikhonov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-6448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-6448","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-6339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4843557","display_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5eem51","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210096333","https://openalex.org/I4210127387","https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Tikhonov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4843557"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2620},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84094155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"332","issue":"1-2","first_page":"78","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-resolution","display_name":"timing resolution","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-krypton-calorimeter","display_name":"liquid krypton calorimeter","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-calorimeter","display_name":"electromagnetic calorimeter","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-beam","display_name":"electron beam","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18073261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1722586","display_name":"Calorimeter (particle physics)","level":3,"score":0.8064424991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.7385202646255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6499117612838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6358007788658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.6186913251876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5682164430618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.5655626058578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5413849353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5397964119911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2789928615093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.265699565410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11702963709831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09401944279670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90742-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145630073","display_name":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","issn_l":"0168-9002","issn":["0168-9002","1872-9576"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589431731","https://openalex.org/W1974537853","https://openalex.org/W1987006685","https://openalex.org/W2043257482","https://openalex.org/W2089439337","https://openalex.org/W2287313128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056607528","https://openalex.org/W1993695383","https://openalex.org/W7097262902","https://openalex.org/W2087689654","https://openalex.org/W2088788449","https://openalex.org/W2014276726","https://openalex.org/W2153128406","https://openalex.org/W2051406920","https://openalex.org/W1629019844","https://openalex.org/W1987006685"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}