{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011933251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","title":"Co-evolutionary automatic programming for software development","display_name":"Co-evolutionary automatic programming for software development","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011933251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","mag":"2011933251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","pdf_url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S0020025509005490/pdfft?md5=801e4e839209c1fb629c418c8c98b106&pid=1-s2.0-S0020025509005490-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-4","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S0020025509005490/pdfft?md5=801e4e839209c1fb629c418c8c98b106&pid=1-s2.0-S0020025509005490-main.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052735480","display_name":"Andrea Arcuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Arcuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 134, Lysaker, Norway","Simula Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 134, Lysaker, Norway#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 134, Lysaker, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 134, Lysaker, Norway#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635494","display_name":"Xin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4442","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-1873","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5774-7037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Centre of Excellence for Research in Computational Intelligence and Applications (CERCIA), The School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","The Centre of Excellence for Research in Computational Intelligence and Applications (CERCIA), The School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre of Excellence for Research in Computational Intelligence and Applications (CERCIA), The School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre of Excellence for Research in Computational Intelligence and Applications (CERCIA), The School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052735480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"],"apc_list":{"value":3200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3200},"apc_paid":{"value":3200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3200},"fwci":2.1355,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86490278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"259","issue":null,"first_page":"412","last_page":"432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"program synthesis","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coevolution","display_name":"coevolution","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"genetic programming","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-test-generation","display_name":"unit test generation","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-specification","display_name":"program specification","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-evolution","display_name":"software evolution","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"fitness function","score":0.3880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8640615344047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.7596844434738159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.6761965751647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762268","display_name":"Automatic programming","level":2,"score":0.6419380903244019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6373143196105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5827447175979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.553279459476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49767497181892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4405848979949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3498157262802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22910526394844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","pdf_url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S0020025509005490/pdfft?md5=801e4e839209c1fb629c418c8c98b106&pid=1-s2.0-S0020025509005490-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-4","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/59f99b49-179a-4024-a364-e5eda0f2076f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/59f99b49-179a-4024-a364-e5eda0f2076f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Arcuri, A & Yao, X 2014, 'Co-evolutionary automatic programming for software development', Information Sciences, vol. 259, pp. 412-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.019","pdf_url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S0020025509005490/pdfft?md5=801e4e839209c1fb629c418c8c98b106&pid=1-s2.0-S0020025509005490-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-4","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5650161689","display_name":"SEBASE: Software Engineering By Automated SEarch","funder_award_id":"EP/D052785/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G588053201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/D052785/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2011933251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2011933251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86071093","https://openalex.org/W150374354","https://openalex.org/W1482546558","https://openalex.org/W1482827835","https://openalex.org/W1495283243","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1536736279","https://openalex.org/W1538397284","https://openalex.org/W1550894544","https://openalex.org/W1556200398","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1583742283","https://openalex.org/W1583826417","https://openalex.org/W1589720045","https://openalex.org/W1595498733","https://openalex.org/W1600867940","https://openalex.org/W1602501765","https://openalex.org/W1603940370","https://openalex.org/W1607371320","https://openalex.org/W1850472890","https://openalex.org/W1905345416","https://openalex.org/W1974394819","https://openalex.org/W1978717552","https://openalex.org/W2020391296","https://openalex.org/W2020620746","https://openalex.org/W2024753698","https://openalex.org/W2025127488","https://openalex.org/W2027649639","https://openalex.org/W2038754076","https://openalex.org/W2052248230","https://openalex.org/W2054072078","https://openalex.org/W2100604298","https://openalex.org/W2114334695","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2117564498","https://openalex.org/W2117673555","https://openalex.org/W2127127923","https://openalex.org/W2129360963","https://openalex.org/W2132196970","https://openalex.org/W2133068784","https://openalex.org/W2133376191","https://openalex.org/W2136731797","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2146987753","https://openalex.org/W2154352094","https://openalex.org/W2159675439","https://openalex.org/W2169157770","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2911604042","https://openalex.org/W3010856131","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4372046852","https://openalex.org/W6607235746","https://openalex.org/W6614698219","https://openalex.org/W6789836008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054072078","https://openalex.org/W1502675114","https://openalex.org/W2133068784","https://openalex.org/W2129346226","https://openalex.org/W2114334695","https://openalex.org/W4248871946","https://openalex.org/W1593481303","https://openalex.org/W2018387648","https://openalex.org/W2972926655","https://openalex.org/W7097791260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,3,27,30,39,42,70,73,76,103,107,112,132],"1970s":[2],"goal":[4],"of":[5,44,117],"generating":[6],"programs":[7,93,140],"in":[8],"an":[9],"automatic":[10],"way":[11],"(i.e.,":[12,29],"Automatic":[13],"Programming)":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"sought.":[17],"A":[18],"user":[19],"would":[20],"just":[21],"define":[22],"what":[23],"he":[24],"expects":[25],"from":[26,94],"program":[28],"requirements),":[31],"and":[32,75,105,147],"it":[33],"should":[34],"be":[35,67],"automatically":[36],"generated":[37],"by":[38,123,137],"computer":[40],"without":[41],"help":[43],"any":[45],"programmer.":[46],"Unfortunately,":[47],"this":[48,63,83,154],"task":[49],"is":[50,79,157],"much":[51],"harder":[52],"than":[53],"expected.":[54],"Although":[55],"transformation":[56],"methods":[57],"are":[58,121,135],"usually":[59],"employed":[60,68],"to":[61,101,114,143],"address":[62],"problem,":[64],"they":[65,127,141],"cannot":[66],"if":[69],"gap":[71],"between":[72],"specification":[74,113],"actual":[77],"implementation":[78],"too":[80],"wide.":[81],"In":[82],"paper":[84],"we":[85,110],"introduce":[86],"a":[87],"novel":[88,155],"conceptual":[89],"framework":[90],"for":[91],"evolving":[92],"their":[95],"specification.":[96],"We":[97,145],"use":[98],"genetic":[99],"programming":[100],"evolve":[102],"programs,":[104],"at":[106],"same":[108],"time":[109],"exploit":[111],"co-evolve":[115],"sets":[116],"unit":[118,133],"tests.":[119],"Programs":[120],"rewarded":[122,136],"how":[124,138],"many":[125,139],"tests":[126,134],"do":[128],"not":[129],"fail,":[130],"whereas":[131],"make":[142],"fail.":[144],"present":[146],"analyse":[148],"seven":[149],"different":[150],"problems":[151],"on":[152],"which":[153],"technique":[156],"successfully":[158],"applied.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}