{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011883602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","title":"The luminous efficacy of daylight: a review","display_name":"The luminous efficacy of daylight: a review","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011883602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","mag":"2011883602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/14771535850170040401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56039944","display_name":"Lighting Research & Technology","issn_l":"0024-3426","issn":["0024-3426","1365-7828","1477-0938","1477-1535","2058-3427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lighting Research &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112014780","display_name":"Paul J. Littlefair","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800994460","display_name":"Building Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmkev06","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800994460"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul J. Littlefair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800994460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112014780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800994460"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86955504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"162","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.73580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.73580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.19850000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13298","display_name":"Solar Energy Systems and Technologies","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminous-efficacy","display_name":"luminous efficacy","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daylight","display_name":"daylight","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-radiation","display_name":"solar radiation","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daylight-availability","display_name":"daylight availability","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-solar-gains","display_name":"passive solar gains","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skylights","display_name":"skylights","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffuse-daylight","display_name":"diffuse daylight","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sunlight","display_name":"direct sunlight","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-altitude","display_name":"solar altitude","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-effects","display_name":"cloud effects","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-aerosols","display_name":"atmospheric aerosols","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"water vapor","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illuminance-measurement","display_name":"illuminance measurement","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-error","display_name":"experimental error","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51858381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504173","display_name":"Luminous efficacy","level":3,"score":0.8643208742141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149277555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16491","display_name":"Daylight","level":2,"score":0.8574327230453491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195452092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055865","display_name":"Overcast","level":3,"score":0.7675207853317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110113834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107780","display_name":"Luminous flux","level":3,"score":0.6562502384185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780574069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712955","display_name":"Skylight","level":2,"score":0.6204689145088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5976374745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5383924245834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5163273215293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.43255162239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38241350650787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34676700830459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17852148413658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.16065183281898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13265186548233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128","display_name":"Light source","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/14771535850170040401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535850170040401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56039944","display_name":"Lighting Research & Technology","issn_l":"0024-3426","issn":["0024-3426","1365-7828","1477-0938","1477-1535","2058-3427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lighting Research &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W545193","https://openalex.org/W58631463","https://openalex.org/W172456857","https://openalex.org/W627964601","https://openalex.org/W1586132145","https://openalex.org/W1660322193","https://openalex.org/W1968614198","https://openalex.org/W1988643457","https://openalex.org/W1994595510","https://openalex.org/W2002712748","https://openalex.org/W2008565106","https://openalex.org/W2008597669","https://openalex.org/W2012630533","https://openalex.org/W2013540538","https://openalex.org/W2014059950","https://openalex.org/W2024471467","https://openalex.org/W2027368198","https://openalex.org/W2027375431","https://openalex.org/W2030216404","https://openalex.org/W2037199007","https://openalex.org/W2041663537","https://openalex.org/W2042695442","https://openalex.org/W2060153808","https://openalex.org/W2062589878","https://openalex.org/W2063570931","https://openalex.org/W2063753132","https://openalex.org/W2065863311","https://openalex.org/W2073053530","https://openalex.org/W2074519892","https://openalex.org/W2078316460","https://openalex.org/W2097131266","https://openalex.org/W2100753050","https://openalex.org/W2103983685","https://openalex.org/W2115811259","https://openalex.org/W2122450835","https://openalex.org/W2140876184","https://openalex.org/W2142248600","https://openalex.org/W2143079170","https://openalex.org/W2148606112","https://openalex.org/W2151620539","https://openalex.org/W2157191491","https://openalex.org/W2160129656","https://openalex.org/W2180902380","https://openalex.org/W2328692702","https://openalex.org/W2566700713","https://openalex.org/W2595048683","https://openalex.org/W3008822644","https://openalex.org/W3023514476","https://openalex.org/W3049700396","https://openalex.org/W3204218854","https://openalex.org/W4212846550","https://openalex.org/W4249271853","https://openalex.org/W4251664095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012543321","https://openalex.org/W2583188948","https://openalex.org/W3165969607","https://openalex.org/W4210632475","https://openalex.org/W2062544804","https://openalex.org/W2773839077","https://openalex.org/W1964798694","https://openalex.org/W2091731601","https://openalex.org/W1983909571","https://openalex.org/W2050623927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Luminous":[0,29],"efficacy":[1,30,66,151,162],"relates":[2],"two":[3],"important":[4],"quantities-daylight":[5],"and":[6,16,49,103,130,134,136,146,163],"solar":[7,18,70,126],"radiation.":[8],"Its":[9],"use":[10],"enables":[11,32],"calculations":[12],"of":[13,59,138,160,167],"daylight":[14,33],"availability":[15],"passive":[17],"gain":[19],"in":[20,56,144],"buildings":[21],"to":[22,25,35,87],"be":[23,36],"integrated":[24],"a":[26,119],"large":[27],"extent.":[28],"also":[31],"data":[34],"generated":[37],"where":[38],"directly":[39],"measured":[40,48],"illuminances":[41],"are":[42,96,112,142],"not":[43,113],"available.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"reviews":[47],"calculated":[50],"luminous":[51,65,78,110,150,161],"efficacies":[52,79,95,111],"obtained":[53],"by":[54],"authors":[55],"various":[57],"parts":[58],"the":[60,157,165],"world.":[61],"For":[62,74],"direct":[63],"sunlight":[64],"increases":[67],"noticeably":[68],"with":[69],"altitude":[71],"(70-105":[72],"lm/W).":[73],"diffuse":[75],"skylight":[76],"average":[77,105],"range":[80,121],"from":[81],"around":[82,88,97],"130":[83],"lm/W":[84,90,99],"(clear)":[85],"down":[86],"110":[89],"for":[91,100,104,123],"overcast":[92],"skies.":[93],"Global":[94],"105":[98],"clear":[101],"skies":[102],"conditions.":[106],"In":[107],"each":[108],"case'measured":[109],"constant":[114],"but":[115],"can":[116,171],"vary":[117],"over":[118],"substantial":[120],"depending,":[122],"example,":[124],"on":[125,149],"altitude,":[127],"atmospheric":[128],"aerosol":[129],"water":[131],"vapour":[132],"content,":[133],"type":[135],"amount":[137],"cloud.":[139],"These":[140],"effects":[141],"examined":[143],"detail":[145],"their":[147],"influence":[148],"discussed.":[152],"Finally":[153],"an":[154],"Appendix":[155],"describes":[156],"experimental":[158,168],"measurement":[159],"outlines":[164],"types":[166],"error":[169],"that":[170],"occur.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
