{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011596850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","title":"The evolution of the discipline of pharmacology amid an era of global turbulence: The unique contributions of Otto Krayer (1899\u20131982)","display_name":"The evolution of the discipline of pharmacology amid an era of global turbulence: The unique contributions of Otto Krayer (1899\u20131982)","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011596850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","mag":"2011596850","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0967772014530798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125323095","display_name":"Journal of Medical Biography","issn_l":"0967-7720","issn":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Biography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ronald P Rubin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald P Rubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Buffalo at the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Buffalo at the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86372819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"127","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.03060000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13495","display_name":"Biographical and Historical Analysis","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-pharmacology","display_name":"history of pharmacology","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-exile","display_name":"scientific exile","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persecution-of-scientists","display_name":"persecution of scientists","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-science-policy","display_name":"Nazi science policy","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-science-attitudes","display_name":"anti-science attitudes","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-ethics","display_name":"scientific ethics","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-creativity","display_name":"scientific creativity","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6521864533424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6317458152770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.490922749042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351730","display_name":"Scientific progress","level":2,"score":0.46511319279670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.44862961769104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.4410329759120941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.43826109170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4061848521232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3299694061279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.29482728242874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26117855310440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15455684065818787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007585","descriptor_name":"Jews","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010600","descriptor_name":"Pharmacology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028683","descriptor_name":"National Socialism","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0967772014530798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014530798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125323095","display_name":"Journal of Medical Biography","issn_l":"0967-7720","issn":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Biography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24906402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical biography","raw_type":"Biography"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332505","display_name":"U.S. Public Health Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05xf94514"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572980243","https://openalex.org/W1487749691","https://openalex.org/W1570946874","https://openalex.org/W1880437468","https://openalex.org/W1976331104","https://openalex.org/W1985513853","https://openalex.org/W1996430116","https://openalex.org/W2033949194","https://openalex.org/W2035098092","https://openalex.org/W2056850616","https://openalex.org/W2057971042","https://openalex.org/W2064331677","https://openalex.org/W2068188579","https://openalex.org/W2124471935","https://openalex.org/W2141480293","https://openalex.org/W2152234256","https://openalex.org/W2399896140","https://openalex.org/W4253767185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W117774299","https://openalex.org/W4411135141","https://openalex.org/W4405507582","https://openalex.org/W7117964504","https://openalex.org/W4232085419","https://openalex.org/W4239519620","https://openalex.org/W2056850616","https://openalex.org/W1985683979","https://openalex.org/W2595175208","https://openalex.org/W2480277486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"revisits":[2],"the":[3,20,26,32,35,43,52,56,72],"life":[4],"and":[5,14,24,60,93],"times":[6],"of":[7,22,34,58,91],"Otto":[8],"Krayer,":[9],"a":[10,79,98],"gifted":[11],"scientist,":[12],"teacher":[13],"administrator.":[15],"His":[16],"unique":[17],"contributions":[18],"to":[19,25,55,101],"discipline":[21],"pharmacology":[23],"biomedical":[27],"sciences":[28],"are":[29],"chronicled":[30],"in":[31],"wake":[33],"political":[36],"upheaval":[37],"that":[38,48,83],"crippled":[39],"German":[40],"science":[41,76],"during":[42],"1930s.":[44],"The":[45,89],"anti-scientific":[46],"attitude":[47],"pervaded":[49],"Germany":[50],"at":[51],"time":[53],"led":[54],"exile":[57],"Krayer":[59],"many":[61],"other":[62],"eminent":[63],"scientists.":[64],"Their":[65],"fate":[66],"is":[67],"recounted,":[68],"as":[69,71],"well":[70],"negative":[73],"impact":[74],"on":[75],"caused":[77],"by":[78],"National":[80],"Socialist":[81],"regime":[82],"blatantly":[84],"disregarded":[85],"basic":[86],"scientific":[87,102],"principles.":[88],"threat":[90],"intolerance":[92],"unethical":[94],"behaviour":[95],"still":[96],"remains":[97],"key":[99],"obstacle":[100],"creativity.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}