{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011542015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","title":"Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis","display_name":"Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011542015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","mag":"2011542015","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8473761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19579164","display_name":"Journal of Infection","issn_l":"0163-4453","issn":["0163-4453","1532-2742"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infection","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110384402","display_name":"J.D. Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165862685","display_name":"St George's, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/040f08y74","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I165862685","https://openalex.org/I4401726869"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.D. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K","Department of Medical Microbiology, St.  George's Hospital Medical School, London, SW17 0RE,  UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165862685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St.  George's Hospital Medical School, London, SW17 0RE,  UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165862685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078531789","display_name":"Philip D. Butcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-9097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-9097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165862685","display_name":"St George's, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/040f08y74","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I165862685","https://openalex.org/I4401726869"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.D. Butcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165862685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089794614","display_name":"Demetris Savva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-1527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-1527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Savva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AJ, U.K","Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AJ, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AJ, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AJ, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024934384","display_name":"Richard E Holliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165862685","display_name":"St George's, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/040f08y74","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I165862685","https://openalex.org/I4401726869"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R.E. Holliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165862685"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024934384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165862685"],"apc_list":{"value":4030,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4030},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96142938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"147","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11155","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11155","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11086","display_name":"Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11154","display_name":"Parasitic infections in humans and animals","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxoplasmosis","display_name":"toxoplasmosis","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxoplasma-gondii","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nested-pcr","display_name":"nested PCR","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr-diagnosis","display_name":"PCR diagnosis","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congenital-toxoplasmosis","display_name":"congenital toxoplasmosis","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transplacental-transmission","display_name":"transplacental transmission","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aids","display_name":"AIDS","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunistic-infections","display_name":"opportunistic infections","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-transplant-recipients","display_name":"organ transplant recipients","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-biopsy","display_name":"brain biopsy","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr-contamination","display_name":"PCR contamination","score":0.6909999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778062946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154878","display_name":"Toxoplasmosis","level":2,"score":0.8811417818069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.725638747215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778128430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131003","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii","level":3,"score":0.5926723480224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779906218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834818","display_name":"Transplacental","level":5,"score":0.5589399933815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45189115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502159","display_name":"Serology","level":3,"score":0.5518636107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5466516613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.5066888928413391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.4951991140842438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.45305198431015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71928629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Parasite hosting","level":2,"score":0.4390261769294739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168444539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105196","display_name":"Organ transplantation","level":3,"score":0.42713603377342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4145481586456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.39724838733673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3653109669685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911091166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106419912","display_name":"Transplantation","level":2,"score":0.3353712558746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776953305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1212935","display_name":"Placenta","level":4,"score":0.3209027647972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.3103591203689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.27650028467178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1700378954410553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.13371118903160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06457293033599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005315","descriptor_name":"Fetal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007121","descriptor_name":"Immunocompetence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009894","descriptor_name":"Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000469","qualifier_name":"parasitology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014122","descriptor_name":"Toxoplasma","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014123","descriptor_name":"Toxoplasmosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014123","descriptor_name":"Toxoplasmosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000469","qualifier_name":"parasitology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014125","descriptor_name":"Toxoplasmosis, Congenital","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015597","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016026","descriptor_name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016054","descriptor_name":"DNA, Protozoan","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016781","descriptor_name":"Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017088","descriptor_name":"AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(93)92788-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19579164","display_name":"Journal of Infection","issn_l":"0163-4453","issn":["0163-4453","1532-2742"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infection","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8473761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8473761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of infection","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521541912","https://openalex.org/W1537498478","https://openalex.org/W1876241751","https://openalex.org/W1946155474","https://openalex.org/W1970288999","https://openalex.org/W1976768263","https://openalex.org/W1983329076","https://openalex.org/W1985749435","https://openalex.org/W1993986291","https://openalex.org/W1994109741","https://openalex.org/W1997696585","https://openalex.org/W2004821885","https://openalex.org/W2008318827","https://openalex.org/W2015618863","https://openalex.org/W2038647256","https://openalex.org/W2042240324","https://openalex.org/W2047466827","https://openalex.org/W2058478326","https://openalex.org/W2061569839","https://openalex.org/W2071533268","https://openalex.org/W2084439552","https://openalex.org/W2112646777","https://openalex.org/W2116660122","https://openalex.org/W2121228486","https://openalex.org/W2134590760","https://openalex.org/W2154595239","https://openalex.org/W2172069200","https://openalex.org/W2419973333","https://openalex.org/W2474114828","https://openalex.org/W2555291112","https://openalex.org/W2995907579","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610146171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055098085","https://openalex.org/W2172069200","https://openalex.org/W2253758533","https://openalex.org/W1927618215","https://openalex.org/W4253252233","https://openalex.org/W2088297357","https://openalex.org/W2034644993","https://openalex.org/W2044255872","https://openalex.org/W1521541912"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}