{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011509801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","title":"Spatially resolved photocurrent mapping of operating organic photovoltaic devices using atomic force photovoltaic microscopy","display_name":"Spatially resolved photocurrent mapping of operating organic photovoltaic devices using atomic force photovoltaic microscopy","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011509801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","mag":"2011509801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2830695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083112147","display_name":"Benjamin J. Leever","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482708","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/0584m4844","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482708","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. J. Leever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, , Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, , Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4388482708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069699045","display_name":"Michael F. Durstock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9016-2659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9016-2659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482708","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/0584m4844","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482708","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. F. Durstock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, , Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, , Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4388482708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002168551","display_name":"Michael D. Irwin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. D. Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019956096","display_name":"Alexander W. Hains","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. W. Hains","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000731301","display_name":"Tobin Jay Marks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-0141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-0141"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. J. Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University Department of Chemistry, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"L. S. C. Pingree","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. S. C. Pingree","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020649130","display_name":"Mark C. Hersam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-1426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-1426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Hersam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95630231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-photovoltaic-devices","display_name":"organic photovoltaic devices","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photocurrent-mapping","display_name":"photocurrent mapping","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductive-atomic-force-microscopy","display_name":"conductive atomic force microscopy","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p3ht-pc61bm","display_name":"P3HT:PC61BM","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-to-device-variation","display_name":"device-to-device variation","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-stability","display_name":"temporal stability","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoscale-characterization","display_name":"nanoscale characterization","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779845233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381567","display_name":"Photocurrent","level":2,"score":0.8031384944915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206008964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159384","display_name":"Conductive atomic force microscopy","level":3,"score":0.7158858776092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6868973970413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6619360446929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82764429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187730","display_name":"Photoconductive atomic force microscopy","level":5,"score":0.5965479016304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.578720211982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91614233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888","display_name":"Organic solar cell","level":3,"score":0.5498960018157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.4779127538204193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4273640513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201999631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601129","display_name":"Photoconductivity","level":2,"score":0.4121624827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102951782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49295","display_name":"Atomic force microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2734377682209015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21582457423210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12112247943878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99752389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9337610","display_name":"Scanning capacitance microscopy","level":4,"score":0.08374595642089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07996177673339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187921700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430074","display_name":"Scanning confocal electron microscopy","level":3,"score":0.06804054975509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2830695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2830695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6100000143051147}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975911946","https://openalex.org/W1983380392","https://openalex.org/W1990642244","https://openalex.org/W1996291528","https://openalex.org/W1998704834","https://openalex.org/W2028261043","https://openalex.org/W2030106935","https://openalex.org/W2035088198","https://openalex.org/W2046424515","https://openalex.org/W2048242611","https://openalex.org/W2055843496","https://openalex.org/W2061803385","https://openalex.org/W2065147109","https://openalex.org/W2065273850","https://openalex.org/W2071113615","https://openalex.org/W2073260489","https://openalex.org/W2074691391","https://openalex.org/W2078533766","https://openalex.org/W2083775038","https://openalex.org/W2086646153","https://openalex.org/W2088513822","https://openalex.org/W2093069356","https://openalex.org/W2093897390","https://openalex.org/W2095358806","https://openalex.org/W2100077118","https://openalex.org/W2123711607","https://openalex.org/W2135845714","https://openalex.org/W2157095412","https://openalex.org/W2163417243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172364676","https://openalex.org/W1990642244","https://openalex.org/W1993903373","https://openalex.org/W1969381427","https://openalex.org/W2759737185","https://openalex.org/W4392268483","https://openalex.org/W2071113615","https://openalex.org/W4392271430","https://openalex.org/W2176531351","https://openalex.org/W2144902589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"conductive":[1],"atomic":[2,7],"force":[3,8],"microscopy":[4,10],"(cAFM)":[5],"technique,":[6],"photovoltaic":[9,22],"(AFPM),":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"developed":[14],"to":[15,54,65,80],"characterize":[16,55],"spatially":[17],"localized":[18],"inhomogeneities":[19],"in":[20,70],"organic":[21],"(OPV)":[23],"devices.":[24,92],"In":[25],"AFPM,":[26],"a":[27,84],"biased":[28],"cAFM":[29],"probe":[30],"is":[31,52],"raster":[32],"scanned":[33],"over":[34],"an":[35],"array":[36],"of":[37,49,76,83,87],"illuminated":[38],"solar":[39],"cells,":[40],"simultaneously":[41],"generating":[42],"topographic":[43],"and":[44,67,91],"photocurrent":[45],"maps.":[46],"As":[47],"proof":[48],"principle,":[50],"AFPM":[51,77],"used":[53],"7.5\u00d77.5\u03bcm2":[56],"poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric":[57],"acid":[58],"methyl":[59],"ester":[60],"OPVs,":[61],"revealing":[62],"substantial":[63],"device":[64,66],"temporal":[68],"variations":[69],"the":[71],"short-circuit":[72],"current.":[73],"The":[74],"flexibility":[75],"suggests":[78],"applicability":[79],"nanoscale":[81],"characterization":[82],"wide":[85],"range":[86],"optoelectronically":[88],"active":[89],"materials":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}