{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011506774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","title":"Empirical Measurement of Operating Leverage for Growing Firms","display_name":"Empirical Measurement of Operating Leverage for Growing Firms","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011506774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","mag":"2011506774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3666003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157946625","display_name":"Financial Management","issn_l":"0046-3892","issn":["0046-3892","1755-053X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103948607","display_name":"Thomas J. O\u2019Brien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028564515","display_name":"Paul A. Vanderheiden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Vanderheiden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3808,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90928433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.6425999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.6425999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12123","display_name":"Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance","score":0.2883000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12675","display_name":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-leverage","display_name":"operating leverage","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-firms","display_name":"growth companies","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-growth","display_name":"business growth","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-structure","display_name":"cost structure","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-costs","display_name":"fixed costs","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7811840772628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84566663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738224","display_name":"Operating leverage","level":3,"score":0.5930323600769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47579678893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.41304659843444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37370574474334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.19203856587409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1169772744178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09976285696029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3666003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3666003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157946625","display_name":"Financial Management","issn_l":"0046-3892","issn":["0046-3892","1755-053X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000578291","https://openalex.org/W2010648296","https://openalex.org/W2024176377","https://openalex.org/W2081282792","https://openalex.org/W2086082821","https://openalex.org/W2137561817","https://openalex.org/W2152089437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563224198","https://openalex.org/W2062306999","https://openalex.org/W3115928421","https://openalex.org/W2794862208","https://openalex.org/W2129971619","https://openalex.org/W3161471120","https://openalex.org/W1988352789","https://openalex.org/W4400191453","https://openalex.org/W7056800360","https://openalex.org/W2790970174"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}