{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011462467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","title":"Religion and Violence in the Song of Roland","display_name":"Religion and Violence in the Song of Roland","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011462467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","mag":"2011462467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/mln.2011.0072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173485","display_name":"MLN","issn_l":"0026-7910","issn":["0026-7910","0149-6611","1080-6598","2326-1978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MLN","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033422849","display_name":"Andreas Kablitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Kablitz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033422849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94219231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"126","issue":"4S","first_page":"S115","last_page":"S158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14314","display_name":"Violence, Religion, and Philosophy","score":0.25220000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13167","display_name":"Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies","score":0.06870000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/la-chanson-de-roland","display_name":"Chanson de Roland","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-violence","display_name":"religious violence","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotheism","display_name":"monotheism","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crusades","display_name":"Crusades","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/old-french-epic","display_name":"chanson de geste","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justification-of-war","display_name":"justification of war","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charlemagne","display_name":"Charlemagne","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assmann","display_name":"Assmann","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmund-freud","display_name":"Sigmund Freud","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pope-benedict-xvi","display_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polytheism","display_name":"polytheism","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medieval-literature","display_name":"medieval literature","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medieval-philosophy","display_name":"medieval philosophy","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medieval-historiography","display_name":"medieval historiography","score":0.36899998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776879149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9159","display_name":"Monotheism","level":3,"score":0.9471269845962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500","display_name":"Faith","level":2,"score":0.7442679405212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.6290175914764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5829541087150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540524","display_name":"Religious violence","level":3,"score":0.43382593989372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4216885566711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.42110538482666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.4021229147911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3529108166694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.29117295145988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.13499924540519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08749228715896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07823771238327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/mln.2011.0072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2011.0072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173485","display_name":"MLN","issn_l":"0026-7910","issn":["0026-7910","0149-6611","1080-6598","2326-1978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MLN","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:USBKOELN.ub.uni-koeln.de:48925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/48925/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400371","display_name":"K\u00f6lner Universit\u00e4ts PublikationsServer (Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210115942","host_organization_name":"Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115942"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/462260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/462260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67709817","https://openalex.org/W395666950","https://openalex.org/W574547140","https://openalex.org/W603074553","https://openalex.org/W617157624","https://openalex.org/W658335408","https://openalex.org/W1505924946","https://openalex.org/W1519061174","https://openalex.org/W1563364082","https://openalex.org/W1971393901","https://openalex.org/W2023192465","https://openalex.org/W2035091195","https://openalex.org/W2046972274","https://openalex.org/W2054673722","https://openalex.org/W2064903727","https://openalex.org/W2319853527","https://openalex.org/W2321821342","https://openalex.org/W2377006651","https://openalex.org/W2800552571","https://openalex.org/W3034100428","https://openalex.org/W3114771455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2538652612","https://openalex.org/W1767965621","https://openalex.org/W2108216516","https://openalex.org/W3109909999","https://openalex.org/W3013667665","https://openalex.org/W1982004729","https://openalex.org/W605273012","https://openalex.org/W3185681355","https://openalex.org/W1525779148","https://openalex.org/W6931418090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Religion":[0],"and":[1,17,31,60,70,129,161,188,193,216,224,233,332,508,607,624],"Violence":[2,16],"in":[3,33,43,140,195,204,249,307,346,367,441,457,475,488,493,512,528,566,609,626,673],"the":[4,27,38,49,95,103,106,112,122,125,149,176,205,211,214,231,241,280,289,295,326,339,347,354,358,361,368,377,387,400,404,421,432,437,461,467,476,489,494,506,513,521,529,535,543,557,575,581,591,610,627,649,652,655,662,668,674],"Song":[5,611],"of":[6,40,67,105,115,127,178,207,213,243,282,288,297,305,328,338,343,349,370,376,379,386,399,411,428,510,549,554,593,605,612,646,651,664,676],"Roland":[7,409,516],"Andreas":[8],"Kablitz":[9],"(bio)":[10],"To":[11,173],"Ursula":[12],"Peters":[13],"I.":[14],"Introduction:":[15],"Monotheism":[18],"Pope":[19,50,96],"Benedict":[20,72,118],"set":[21],"off":[22],"an":[23,165,265,312,638],"on-going":[24],"debate":[25],"concerning":[26],"links":[28],"between":[29,58,159,186,191,641],"religion":[30,80],"violence":[32,59,91,160,203,244,278,306,345,511,550,565,608,647,658,671],"his":[34,47,135],"controversial":[35,259],"speech":[36],"at":[37],"University":[39],"Regensburg":[41],"(Bavaria)":[42],"September":[44],"2006.1":[45],"In":[46,252,413],"talk,":[48],"explicitly":[51],"rejected":[52],"any":[53,99],"substantial":[54],"or":[55],"natural":[56],"link":[57,158],"faith.":[61],"Appealing":[62],"to":[63,143,170,202,220,227,234,246,302,353,356,382,424,431,451,465,503,541,584,590,635,660],"a":[64,144,156,184,197,286,373,396,426,445,552],"well-established":[65],"tradition":[66,167],"Western":[68],"theology":[69],"philosophy,":[71],"argued":[73],"that":[74,98,271,320,391,453,505,523,620],"God's":[75],"metaphysical":[76],"essence":[77],"being":[78],"Reason,":[79],"must":[81],"therefore":[82],"have":[83,274,324],"no":[84,276],"place":[85],"for":[86,102,124,531,563],"violence.":[87,329],"So":[88],"strongly":[89],"does":[90],"controvert":[92],"religious":[93,100,277,322,344,380,532],"tenets,":[94],"argued,":[97],"claim":[101,504],"compatibility":[104],"two":[107,642],"unavoidably":[108],"calls":[109],"into":[110],"doubt":[111],"very":[113],"substance":[114],"religion.":[116,251],"Although":[117],"did":[119],"not":[120,583],"make":[121,460],"case":[123],"interdependence":[126],"monotheism":[128,162,179],"rationality,":[130],"this":[131,253,414,442,567],"connection":[132],"obviously":[133,335],"underlies":[134],"argument.":[136],"This":[137],"thesis":[138,299],"is":[139,403,517,559,615],"evident":[141],"opposition":[142],"position":[145],"formulated":[146],"recently":[147],"by":[148,237,300,364],"German":[150],"Egyptologist":[151],"Jan":[152],"Assmann2":[153],"who":[154],"postulated":[155],"logical":[157],"based":[163,518],"on":[164,498,520,654,667],"intellectual":[166],"going":[168],"back":[169],"Sigmund":[171],"Freud.":[172],"Assmann":[174],"only":[175,217,560],"birth":[177],"[End":[180,544,679],"Page":[181,545],"S115]":[182],"generates":[183],"difference":[185],"true":[187],"false":[189],"faith,":[190],"truth":[192,212],"error":[194],"religion,":[196],"distinction,":[198],"which":[199],"naturally":[200],"leads":[201],"name":[206,348,369,675],"God.":[208],"Because":[209],"truth,":[210],"one":[215,337,561,656],"God,":[218],"has":[219,225,392],"be":[221,228,235,247,318,425],"established,":[222],"defended":[223],"finally":[226],"diffused":[229],"around":[230],"world":[232],"adopted":[236],"every":[238,429],"human":[239],"being,":[240],"unavoidability":[242],"seems":[245,269,450],"inherent":[248],"monotheistic":[250],"paper,":[254],"I":[255,538,621,633],"won't":[256],"discuss":[257],"these":[258,599,617],"concepts":[260,323],"systematically,3":[261],"even":[262,589],"though,":[263],"from":[264,311,360],"historical":[266,313],"perspective,":[267,314],"it":[268,315],"doubtful":[270],"there":[272],"would":[273],"been":[275,394],"before":[279],"emergence":[281],"monotheism.":[283],"While":[284],"still":[285],"cardinal":[287],"Roman":[290],"Church,":[291],"Joseph":[292],"Ratzinger":[293],"questioned":[294],"plausibility":[296],"Assman's":[298],"pointing":[301],"noted":[303],"cases":[304],"polytheistic":[308],"contexts.4":[309],"Yet":[310],"can":[316],"hardly":[317],"denied":[319],"Judeo-Christian":[321],"legitimized":[325],"use":[327,378,507],"The":[330,351,448],"crusades":[331],"their":[333,454],"justification":[334,509,548],"constitute":[336],"most":[340],"striking":[341],"examples":[342],"Christianity.":[350],"appeal":[352],"faithful":[355],"drive":[357],"pagans":[359,558],"Holy":[362],"Land":[363],"attacking":[365],"them":[366,588],"Christ":[371,458],"offers":[372],"classic":[374],"example":[375],"arguments":[381],"justify":[383],"war.":[384],"One":[385],"medieval":[388],"literary":[389],"texts":[390],"long":[393],"considered":[395],"radical":[397],"illustration":[398],"crusader":[401],"ethos":[402],"Old":[405],"French":[406,440,462,665],"Chanson":[407,514],"de":[408,416,515],"(Song":[410],"Roland).5":[412],"chanson":[415],"geste,":[417],"Charlemagne's":[418],"fight":[419],"against":[420,556],"Moslems":[422],"appears":[423],"prototype":[427],"crusade,":[430],"extent":[433],"that,":[434],"despite":[435],"all":[436],"odds,":[438],"Christians\u2014the":[439],"case\u2014will":[443],"win":[444],"decisive":[446],"victory.":[447],"argument":[449],"hold":[452],"unshakable":[455],"belief":[456,471],"will":[459,539,622],"strong":[463],"enough":[464],"defeat":[466],"pagan":[468],"enemy.":[469],"That":[470],"was":[472],"succinctly":[473],"expressed":[474],"famous":[477],"apothegm:":[478],"\"Paien":[479],"unt":[480,484],"tort":[481],"et":[482],"crest\u00efens":[483],"dreit\"":[485],"[\"Pagans":[486],"are":[487,492,570],"wrong:":[490],"Christians":[491],"right\"]":[495],"(1015).6":[496],"Yet,":[497],"closer":[499],"examination,":[500],"it's":[501],"misleading":[502],"entirely":[519],"notion":[522],"physical":[524],"power":[525,606],"alone":[526],"suffices":[527],"struggle":[530],"truth.":[533],"On":[534],"contrary,":[536],"as":[537,551],"try":[540],"demonstrate,":[542],"S116]":[546],"Christian":[547,677],"means":[553],"combat":[555],"mode":[562],"legitimizing":[564],"text.":[568],"There":[569],"others,":[571],"and,":[572],"more":[573],"importantly,":[574],"reader":[576],"cannot":[577],"help":[578],"but":[579],"observe":[580],"disharmony,":[582],"say":[585],"chaos,":[586],"among":[587],"point":[592],"manifestly":[594],"contradicting":[595],"each":[596],"other.":[597],"Clearly":[598],"conflicting":[600],"strands":[601],"represent":[602],"competing":[603,618],"ideologies":[604],"Roland.7":[613],"It":[614],"precisely":[616],"modes":[619],"describe":[623],"analyze":[625],"following":[628],"pages.":[629],"Among":[630],"other":[631,669],"things,":[632],"want":[634],"show":[636],"how":[637],"unresolved":[639],"conflict":[640],"fundamentally":[643],"opposed":[644],"views":[645],"characterizes":[648],"narrative":[650],"Roland:":[653],"hand,":[657,670],"instrumentalized":[659],"realize":[661],"goals":[663],"crusaders,":[666],"problematized":[672],"doctrine.8":[678],"Page...":[680]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}